According to the historical records of China, Youchaoshi lived in the early Paleolithic age and created the nest civilization. Youchaoshi is recorded in many historical, literary and academic monographs, such as Shiji, sanhuangbenji, Zhuangzi, diaozhi, Hanfeizi, Wugu, pre Qin history, taipingyulan, Kangxi dictionary, compendium of Chinese general history, Cihai, etc.
It is said that Youchaoshi is the inventor of human primitive nest and the pioneer of nest civilization. Youchaoshi's great achievements in creating nest civilization have a positive and far-reaching impact on the development of Chinese civilization and human civilization. The construction concept of the bird's nest of the main stadium of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games comes from the connotation of Youchao's nest civilization. The China Pavilion of the World Horticultural Exposition in Beijing, China in 2019 was built following the ancient wisdom of Youchao's "nest house". Jianlue sanhuangji records that "building trees as nests and attacking leaves as clothes" are summarized from the perspective of human civilization enlightenment, which means that Youchaoshi is the leader of human civilization.
Lu Zhenyu, a famous historian, pointed out in his lecture notes on Chinese History: "it was not until Youchao that our ancestors began to distinguish themselves from animals Since then, human history has begun. " According to Chinese historical records, Youchaoshi ranks first among the five; therefore, Youchaoshi is known as the "first ancestor of humanity" in China.
Character experience
The origin of characters
Youchaoshi, referred to as "Youchao or Chaoshi", is one of the leaders of tribal alliance in ancient China. According to the records of Chinese history, Youchao family ranks first among the five families and is honored as the cultural ancestor of the Chinese nation.
The fifth episode of "carry on the reform to the end" continues the Chinese context "opening commentary:" from you Chao's imitation of birds to build nests, build wood for houses With the help of Comrade Xi Jinping, Secretary of the Zhejiang provincial Party committee, the construction of the Zhejiang art museum was completed.
The value of Youchaoshi's culture is discussed from the perspective of "new grasp" of cultural output published by the State Council's "economic reference": "the era of Youchaoshi represents a new stage of the transition of human civilization from primitive" cave dwelling "to" nest dwelling ". It is an era of civilization enlightenment in which human and animals are gradually separated. Therefore, it is worthy of positioning Youchaoshi as a" leader of civilization " The most famous sentence about Youchaoshi is "building a nest with trees and clothing with leaves". In the era of Youchaoshi, there was no national or religious color or political color after human beings entered the agricultural civilization. "
As the name suggests, "having a nest" means that people should have a place to live. However, Youchaoshi no longer lived in caves on the ground, but built simple canopy with branches and leaves on trees as a demonstration. This is the original house, which can at least avoid wild animals and floods. By building a nest, Chinese ancestors could live in one place, and their dream of home came true. The earliest nest house, also known as "tree house", was later extended to flat land to form houses.
In Chinese and foreign historical records, detailed records can be seen, such as: "the painting of dunjia opening the mountain" records: "the king of Youchao has more than 100 generations in the world." According to the atlas of Chinese historical manuscripts edited by Guo Moruo, the capital of Chaoguo (Chaohu City) is still Chaocheng (Chaohu City) Youchaoshi is a civilian hero who created human history.
In his letter to Li Jinxi, Mao Zedong said: "in ancient times, there were people who did things, such as Chao and Xu." "Chao" refers to the father of Chao, a descendant of Chao family, who was a senior scholar in Yao Dynasty, and was famous for his home. In ancient times, the ancients lived in no fixed place and suffered from the poison of animals and snakes. There are sages who teach people to live in nests. They can not only protect themselves from the wind and rain, but also avoid animals. The ancients were very happy and embraced them as the king, named "Youchaoshi". From the simple name of Youchao, he is no longer a God, but a civilian hero who creates human history. Youchaoshi represents the stage of human development from primitive cave dwelling to building houses, which is a symbol of the progress of human civilization.
Sun Yat Sen teaches "civil rights doctrine": "world evolution In the age of the same struggle Later, smart people came out to seek happiness for the people Youchaoshi teaches the people to make rooms in the trees to avoid the disaster of wind and rain for the people. Since then, culture has gradually developed and the people have gradually united. "
Fan Wenlan's general history of China clearly divides "primitive people in China" into four times, and Youchao's time is the first.
Pan Tianshou's "history of Chinese painting": "it is said that there is a Chaoshi, painting round spiral, or is it a kind of rope ink? However, its image has a little meaning of painting. ... is actually the rudiment of Chinese painting. " The history of Chinese painting traces the origin of Chinese painting back to Youchao's "drawing round spiral".
Build a nest
According to the history of the road: "in the past, there were many difficulties for people. If there were sages, they would live in nests. In winter, they would camp in caves. In summer, they would live in nests. There is no cremation, fighting animals and eating, digging wells and drinking. The cypress straw is for production, in order to overcome its difficulties. People say that the king's name is Youchaoshi.
Wood at the top, wind dry, bump injury, dry young. Therefore, there is a sage Yan, who arranges Jin for teaching, while Lu Jixing, who spreads Yi on the front page, in order to disobey the sufferings of high and low, and disobeys the wind and rain, in order to change into a nest. Therefore, it is also called Youchaoshi. Driving six dragons, from the sun and the moon, is called the ancient emperor. The tortoise and the Dragon worked, and books were given, so the culture became the rule of the world.
It is also the government, giving and taking, so the people of the world convert to benevolence. At the end of it, there were courteous officials who were valued, and officials who were specialized but didn't enjoy it. To cut the power, fear and change, Youchaoshi then died. It's in the neck and the collar. Later, there is Chao's family. Xu you and Fan Shi are the nest father friends. Yao jupeize, the way of sunlight, Yao Dynasty Yan, and the. When the father hears it, he washes his ears frequently. If you drink the cow in a vertical way, you can return it to Europe. "
Mo Zi's Ci Guo, Huai Nan Zi's Xiu Wu Xun and Bai Hu Tong's San Na Liu Ji show that building trees as nests and perching on trees are "career achievements" that can be regarded as the symbol of the times. "Nest dwelling" is a reasonable process of human civilization. In the Warring States period, the concept of "cave dwelling" and "nest dwelling" was very common. Wu Taibo family in historical records: in 509 BC, the Wu army defeated the Chu army in the sixth year of Helu, the king of Wu, and "took the nest of Chu and returned it"; according to the records of natural history and the people of five directions, before the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were "nests in Nanyue, caves in beishuo, shelter from the cold and summer."
An analysis of the origin of "family and state" in China: "among all the clans in China, only Youchao clan is a clan that can be clearly inferred, which has source, root and basis, and the origin and continuation of the tribe." That is, the origin of China's original "home and country".
Build nest country
At first, humans lived in caves and were often attacked by wild animals. People of Youchao sect built trees as nests to avoid wild animals. From then on, people moved from caves to nests. "Zhuangzi. Steal Zhi" says: "in ancient times, there were many animals but few people, so people all lived in nests to avoid them. I pick up acorns in the day and perch on trees in the evening, so I am called the people of Chaoshi. " "Taiping Yulan" quoted "Xiang Junshi Xuepian": "in ancient times, there was a nest of saints, named dachaoshi." "In the past, there were Chaoshi and his officials, who were appointed to be the masters of the country, but they had already won it," said zashuo I, a chronicle of natural history. I will live and change in anger, and I will die when I have a nest. "
People were very grateful to the man who invented nest house, so they elected him as the leader of the tribe and honored him as Youchaoshi. After being elected as the leader of the tribe, Youchao did a lot of good things for everyone, and his reputation soon spread all over China. The people of all tribes thought that he was highly respected and had the talent of the holy king. They unanimously elected him the leader of the tribal alliance, that is, the chief of the headquarters of the tribal alliance.
During the period of "the king of Youchao" paid attention to the people's livelihood, cherished the people, made a living for the people, benefited the people, and made great achievements. The theory of "dachaoshi" includes the theory of "biography II" (the eighth "Yinti Ji" in the preface of Chunqiu Weiming calendar), and the theory of "more than 100 generations" (Tongzhi · Sanhuang Ji). Yizhoushu shijijie: "in the past, there were Chaoshi, some disorderly officials who were appointed to the throne. They were faked by the state, and they were determined by the power of the state. The monarch had seized them. I will live and change in anger, and I will die when I have a nest. " That is to say, the rule of Youchaoshi came to an end because of the disorderly officials.
When the Youchao clan developed to the period of Dayu, its descendants established their own clan Fangguo, Chaoguo. Dayu led the descendants of Youchaoshi to control flood and develop Jianghuai river. Yan you, the daughter of Youchao clan alliance, married Dayu and gave birth to Qi, who established the Xia Dynasty. In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, Chaoguo was a vassal state by virtue of its special kinship with the Xia Dynasty, and developed into Chaohu City. The nest clan is the first clan of the Chinese nation.
The first record in the spring and Autumn Annals about the history of Chaoguo is that Chu people surrounded the nest. In the spring and Autumn Annals and Zuozhuan, there are 15 "nests", among which "nests" refer to the state of nests. The events involved not only the Chu state's military expedition to "Chao", but also the war between Chu and Wu and the Chao state. "Preface to the book" says: "Chao Bo came to Korea, Rui Bo made a life trip to Chao." Zheng Xuan noted: "the princes and earls of Yin were also far away from the south. The king of Wu conquered the merchants, and he came to court after admiring righteousness. "
"Guoyu" has pointed out: "Nanchao, Yangzhou, Chaobo's country, now Lujiang Juchao county is also." "Cheng Tang put Jie in the South nest," according to the book of history "Chuxueji" research: "Luzhou, ancient Lu Zi Guoye, liewang capital, South nest place." "Chaoxian County, 90 Li north of the city, is the ancient Chaobo country," says Luzhou Prefecture, Volume 14 of the unified annals of the Ming Dynasty Jiaqing's history of Luzhou Prefecture records: "Luzhou Prefecture, the territory of Yangzhou in Yugong, yin and Zhou were Nanchao and Chaoguo."
Youchaoshi's great achievements in creating nest civilization have a positive and far-reaching impact on the development of Chinese civilization. The construction concept of the bird's nest of the main stadium of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games comes from the connotation of Youchao's nest civilization. The design and construction concept of the China Pavilion of the World Horticultural Exposition in Beijing, China in 2019 is to follow the ancient wisdom of Youchao's "nest house". The construction of the bird's nest and the China Pavilion of the Beijing World Horticultural Exposition shows the admiration of the human origin culture of "Youchao's wood as nest" in today's society. It shows the far-reaching influence of nest civilization on Chinese civilization.
Main achievements
Ancient and modern records
It is said that in ancient times, there were few people but many animals. In order to defend against the invasion of wild animals, Youchaoshi taught people to build trees as nests, picking acorns during the day and staying in trees at night. According to Zhuangzi, "in ancient times, there were many animals but few people, so people lived in nests to avoid them." That is, the age of Youchaoshi.
History books say: in ancient times, there were few human beings but many animals. Human beings lived on the ground and were often attacked by animals. There was a danger of casualties at any time. Forced by the harsh environment, some people began to migrate north. They came to Shanxi and Shaanxi and began to live in caves. Because of the cold climate in the north, many people refused to move north. At this time, Youchaoshi appeared. He guided people to build houses on tree trunks, which could not only protect them from wind and rain, but also prevent the attack of animals. People no longer lived in fear. Since then, the "nest living" lifestyle was born.
According to legend, you Chao ruled out intermarriage between brothers and sisters, and men and women of the same generation within the same clan were also prohibited from intermarriage. Men can only choose women from other ethnic groups as their "wives", while women can only choose men from other ethnic groups as their "husbands", which is extraethnic intermarriage. Compared with blood group marriage, this kind of intermarriage is a great progress in the development of human civilization. Youchaoshi's merits and virtues reflect the civilization process of Chinese primitive society from "cave dwelling" to "nest dwelling".
Food China Volume I, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 2007, Youchaoshi: "Youchaoshi is the oldest sage in the historical records of our country. He built a wood as a nest to protect the people from the harm of animals, so he won the support of the people. He also taught the people to "accumulate the meat of birds and animals, gather the food of plants" and use the hunting and gathering income to maintain the life of the early people, so "nine salty heads in the world return to their nests."
Clothing has a long history, which can be traced back to the primitive society. "Jianlue. Sanhuangji" records: "Youchao's clothes are made of leaves." In Ming Dynasty, Luo Qi's "Wuyuan · Yiyuan No.11" recorded that "you Chao started to make clothes from leaves and animal fur". The above records say that you Chao first taught people to make clothes from leaves and animal fur. The history of clothing culture can be seen as the beginning.
In 1973, in the first excavation of Hemudu site [71], the wooden structure was exposed in the middle of the fourth floor, and the total number of wooden components unearthed was more than 1000. It is consistent with what Han Feizi said: "there are sages who build wood nests [72] to avoid mass harm.". Therefore, some historians believe that "Hemudu people" is "the people of Youchaoshi", and Hemudu area is the central area of "Youchaoshi country".
Guangming Daily, August 29, 2011, Chinese culture for the 21st century: "in the Yellow River Basin of eastern China, the Chinese tribal group represented by the Yellow Emperor unified China, inherited the early cultural elements of Youchao, Nuwa and Suiren, and formed the source of Chinese culture."
Documentation
Wu Yuan, written by Luo Qi in Ming Dynasty, records that the nests of religious people are "nests only when there are nests." (Wu Yuan Shi Yuan 12). Teach people to eat fruit - "Taigu mushroom hair and Qin blood, there is a nest to teach people to eat fruit." (Wuyuan Shiyuan No.10). Jiaomin's clothing skin -- "clothing skin with nest." (Wuyuan Yiyuan No.11). The burial of the religious people -- "a few wormwood and weathering, nest began to lie in the cover, Suiren plot salary to bury." (Wu Yuan, Chu Yuan, No.16). Youchao's creative scientific inventions, such as clothing, food, shelter and burial, have epoch-making significance in the process of human civilization. The above is also recorded in the history of things by Gao Cheng of Song Dynasty.
Youchaoshi's achievements, merits and virtues, a major innovative invention: building trees as nests, weaving Hibiscus as lush, and building houses. It originated from many historical records. For example: Shiji, Houhanshu, taipingyulan, Lushi, etc.; repair the door -- making the door, originated from many ancient and modern literature and history records, such as: Chunqiu Weiming Lixu, Shuowen, Zuozhuan, etc.; mingtu Ciyi -- repair decoration, originated from ancient and modern literature and history records. Such as: Zhuangzi let the king, Zuozhuan Xianggong 31 years, Han Feizi five stupid, etc.
Li Yun in the book of Rites: "in the past, the former king did not have a palace. In winter, he lived in a camp cave, while in summer, he lived in a nest. There is no cremation, eating the fruits of plants, eating the meat of animals, drinking their blood, Ru their hair, no hemp, clothing their feather skin. "
Historical records
Ancient historical materials
"Taiping Yulan" volume 78 quoted "dunjia Kaishan map" as saying: "there is no Nuwa family, the king of dating family has the world, and the five phoenixes are different. Then there are Bai Huang, Zhong Yang, Li Lu, Li Lian, huxu, Zun Lu, Zhu Rong, chaos, Hao Ying, you Chao, Ge Tian, Yin Kang, Zhu Xiang and Wu Huai. All the 15 dynasties have adopted the title of Pao Xi. "
Zhuang Zhou said: "in ancient times, there were many animals but few people, so people all lived in nests to avoid them. They picked up acorns in the daytime and perched on trees in the evening, so they were called Chaoshi people." (Chuang Tzu's stealing Zhi)
Han Fei said: "in ancient times, there were few people but many animals. The people were overpowered by animals, insects and snakes. There were sages who built trees as nests to avoid the harm of the crowd. The people were happy with them and made the king's world known as" Youchaoshi. " (Han Feizi, Wu Heng)
"The painting of dunjia's opening mountain" records: "Shilou mountain is in Langya, and Chaoshi once ruled the south of the mountain." (the 11th citation of Yiwenleiju)
"Linyi Ji" records: "Cangwu has been South, there are Wenlang savages, living in no house, living on trees, eating raw meat, picking incense for business, trading with people, if the emperor's people." (cited from volume 172 of Taiping Yulan)
Zhou qufei, a geographer of the Song Dynasty, said: "the people of the deep and wide areas live in a fence, with thatched cottages on the top and cattle and pigs on the bottom. The reason for this is that there are many tigers and wolves in the earth. It's better to say that people and animals are not safe, which is the meaning of nesting in ancient times "(Volume 4 of the answer to the story of the mountains)
"Lu Shi" records: "in the past, there were many difficulties for people. If there were sages, they would live in nests. If they lived in caves in winter, they would live in nests in summer. There is no cremation, fighting animals and eating, digging wells and drinking. The cypress straw is for production, in order to overcome its difficulties. And people say that the king of the world is called Youchaoshi. "
"Tongzhi clan 2" says: "Chaoshi, after Chaoshi, Yao had Chaofu." Guoyu · Luyu Shang: "Jie ran to the South nest". In the spring and Autumn Annals, in the 12th year of Wengong, 615 BC, it was recorded that "Chu people surrounded the nest".
Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in the notes of famous paintings of all dynasties: "the character of tortoise is effective, and the dragon picture is precious. Since chaosui, it has been so auspicious." "Chao" refers to Youchaoshi.
Li Zhi, a thinker of the Ming Dynasty, said in the entry of "you Chao Shi" in "Three Emperors and five emperors" in "Shi Gang Ping Yao": "the people of the ancient times live in caves and fields and are friends with things. It's the enemy who catches things. The poison of claws, teeth and horns is not enough to defeat animals Without cremation, they drink the blood of animals, and take their fur to cover the front and back. "
It is recorded in the general records of Buddha's past dynasties that "you Chao's family, a hundred generations, do not remember the year."
Modern literature
In his Chinese tradition, Mr. Wu Guozhen listed four legendary characters in ancient China that "deserve a little attention": Youchao, Suiren, Baoshi, Fuxi and Shennong. "The Youchao era" is the first time in ancient China. In 1942, historian Xu Liqun described the situation of ancient Chinese history, "there were deeds of Youchao, Suiren, Fuxi, Nuwa and Shennong. First of all, Youchao."
Wang Tongling, a historian, thinks from the old rules of posthumous title for the former king, and establishes his title because of the culture of the times and the achievements of his ancestors: "the name of an ideal emperor in ancient times is often closely related to the occurrence of culture, and the title of an ancient emperor such as Youchaoshi is the same. This is a special meaning. At the beginning of the civilization of ordinary people, they all wanted to know the origin of their own culture. However, there was no written record of their fashion. It was based on the old people's reputation. Who was the beginning of the civilization of China? This is what the early people were eager to know. Therefore, ancient scholars created legends to explain the doubts of the people. He said: "in ancient times, when everything was unprepared, the emperor came out and taught the people to build a wood nest to avoid the harm of the poison of the claws and teeth. So he called it" Youchaoshi. "
"A landmark cultural event:" historian and philosopher Ren Jiyu said: "through the history books, we can see that there are many heroes and countless inventions in Chinese history You Chaoshi, it's amazing to build a house on a tree. " Nest dwelling is a prehistoric habitation custom. According to the overseas ethnic data, some tropical areas, such as the backward ethnic groups in Indian Sam area, African tribal tree houses, American traditional tree houses, Asian pole and column buildings, are the continuation of human "nest house" custom, and "nest house" is an important existence of human living style.
Chronicle of major events in Chinese History: "when introducing you Chaoshi, Zhang Xikong and other historians emphasized that" in the early period of mankind, especially the primitive inhabitants of the south, they really experienced a period of "nest life." In the seven theories of craftsmanship, Zhang Lianggao divides the early buildings in history into "three primary colors of Chinese architecture": "nest dwelling", "cave dwelling" and "Lu dwelling". Wang Yun's five dictionaries: "you Chao, a great man in ancient times, taught us how to live in a man-made nest." The past and future of the Chinese nation: "the nesting method of Youchaoshi The culture of that time was better than that of other nationalities With the gradual rise of the people's wisdom, the beginning of Chinese civilization began in this time. " [
"Physical Anthropology:" Professor Zhu Hong said: "the progressive physical characteristics of Chaoxian ape people are different from Peking ape people and Hexian ape people, so Chaoxian people should belong to the category of early Homo sapiens." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chaoxian scholars believed that Youchaoshi and his descendants Chaofu were Chaoxian people, and that Chaoxian (Chaoguo) also had its own Chaoshi, which can be seen in the county annals. Such as: Kangxi "Chaoxian Zhi", Yongzheng "Chaoxian Zhi".
Concise general history of China: "historian LV Zhenyu praised the great creation of Youchao '
Qin Zhongwen's history of Chinese painting, published in 1933, holds that "the origin of ancient painting is that people in ancient times did not open their culture, tied ropes to record events, Youchaoshi made wooden wares and drew round and spiral wheels."
General history of China: "Han Feizi's five bark beetles had the so-called" building trees as nests to avoid group damage "in Youchao's time According to the underground excavation, the Neolithic age probably began in nearly 10000 years. Before that, it was the Paleolithic age. " The general history of China records the Youchaoshi age as the first Paleolithic age in China.
On May 13, 2019, Guangming Daily "brilliant Asian civilization and Silk Road civilization community - one of the special features of Asian civilization dialogue conference" -- "in China, there is a direction for civilization to seek dreams": "Central Plains myths and legends include Fuxi Culture, Huangdi culture, and various legends of Suiren, Youchao, Shennong, Cangjie, Houji It represents the dream of Chinese political civilization. "
Debate in hometown
Legend of Chaohu Lake
Zheng Qiao, a famous historian (1104 to 1162, who is now in Putian of Fujian), advocated the idea of "Zhong Ni and Sima Qian will pass through". In the "Three Emperors" of Tongzhi, Yun said: "at the beginning of the period, the ancestors lived in the wild, and the Saints taught the nest to avoid the harm of insects, and to eat the grass and trees. Therefore, there is * chao chao, also known as the big nest." Zheng Qiao paid attention to on-the-spot investigation, and drew a new opinion from the definition of name in Tongzhi: Chaoshi, after Chaoshi, there was Chaofu in Yao Dynasty, Chaoguo in Xia and Shang Dynasty, which was located in Lujiang River, and the descendants took the state as their surname Kangxi "Chao county annals" history and then clearly stated: "Luo Mi" Lu Shi "said you Chao Shi." Luo mi (1131-1189, now from Ji'an, Jiangxi Province) recorded the events from ancient times to the Han Dynasty in his Lu Shi. The textual research is accurate and comprehensive, and a large number of ancient historical materials and anecdotes are preserved, which can be accepted.
Since the 1980s, with the discovery of Hexian ape man site, Yinshan Homo sapiens site and Lingjiatan site, Chaohu basin has been recognized as one of the earliest birthplaces of ancient human beings, breaking the long-standing historical conclusion that the Yangtze River and Chaohu basin could not be the birthplace of human beings. After the Lingjiatan site was discovered in 1985, through the excavation process and the analysis of unearthed cultural relics, it is sufficient to prove that the Lingjiatan site is a Chaoshi tribal center with political, military and divine power.
Chaohu, published and edited by Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, records that Youchaoshi was regarded as Chaohu people because it was related to Youchaoshi's invention of Chaohu The outline of the Chinese ancestor Youchaoshi proves that the Chaohu basin is the birthplace of Youchaoshi through the textual research of contemporary archaeological relics. In 2007, the Lingjiatan site was excavated for the fifth time. The excavation leader, researcher Zhang Jingguo, analyzed more than 300 cultural relics unearthed from the M23 tomb. The owner of the tomb should be the theocratic leader of the settlement center. In ancient times, consanguineous clan is one of the important symbols of human being's transformation from primitive people to clan tribe. Its basic feature is that the clan people are full of nostalgia and worship consciousness for their ancestors. Therefore, it is enough to prove that the ancestors of Lingjiatan are Youchaoshi recorded in historical materials, Lingjiatan site is the tribal center of Youchaoshi era, and Youchaoshi's birthplace is in Chaohu basin.
Chao state was recorded in the inscriptions of Shang Shu and ban Zhen, until it was destroyed by Wu state in the 24th year of Lu Zhaogong. In 223 BC, the Qin Dynasty established Juchao county. The academic circles have not much objection to the "nest" in the inscriptions of ban Zhen, which refers to the area of Chaohu City today.
The legend of Bashu
There is also a legend of Youchao in Jingchu. In the spring and Autumn period, when the Jin and Chu were at war, the king of the Chu Communist Party "boarded the nest to look at the Jin army.". The "nest cart" here is to set up a high pole on the eight wheeled cart, install a pulley on the pole, and then pull a four foot square and five foot high board house onto the high pole to spy on the enemy's movements, just like a bird's nest. Obviously, this kind of "nest car" has something to do with the popular nest culture in Chu. The ancients first lived in trees, and then had the inspiration to create nest cars. There was a saying in Jingzhou admonition written by Yang Xiong in Han Dynasty that "the South nest is vast, and there are many Chu and Jing". The "South nest" here is the place of Jingchu. At the end of Xia Dynasty, there lived a tribe called the South nest family, which was the ally tribe of Xia. Xia Jie also came here to take refuge. Later, the South nest gradually became the general name of nesters in Jingchu. Some scholars believe that the South nest family probably came from Jingchu There are many nesters in the world.
Or, Youchao is an ancient tribe from Bashu. There is such a record in Lu Shi written by Luo Mi of Song Dynasty: "you Chao's family lives in the village". In his book Shu Dian, Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty believes that this "nest" is not a place of Kunming ethnic group, but a place called MIMU Town, which is located in Xindu county. It seems that another clue can be found through oracle bone inscriptions. In history, the people of Zhou Dynasty were not friendly to a small country called "Chao". It seemed that they had a deep hatred for sending troops to fight for it. The people of Shu also had a festival with the people of Zhou Dynasty. No wonder Chao and Shu were linked together on the bronzes of Zhou Dynasty. Scholar Tan Jihe thinks that Chao and Shu may not be far apart. Chao state is connected with Shu state, and its name may come from the tradition of tribe's nest residence. Kunming people, MIMU Town, Chaoguo, which is close to Shu, all show the mysterious connection between Chaoshi and Bashu.
Textual research of later generations
Textual research on Legends
It is said that Youchao was born in Cangwu, south of Jiuyi mountain. Inspired by birds building nests in trees, the "nest house" was first invented. Youchao instructed people to build houses on tall tree trunks with branches and vines. The walls and roofs of the houses were tightly covered with branches, which not only prevented the wind and rain, but also prevented the attack of animals. People never lived in such a frightened life. In the past, some scholars believed that the birthplace of Youchao was Cangwu (now south of Jiuyi mountain in Hunan) and Lidu Shilou mountain (now northeast of Luliang in Shanxi). [11] Some people think that Youchaoshi was born in Shandong, or in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other places. According to the Wei book of Han Dynasty, the painting of dunjia opening a mountain, it is said that "Shilou mountain is in Langya, and Chaoshi once ruled the south of the mountain" (the 11th citation of Yiwen Lei Ju). "Tongdian" volume 181 "Lujiang County" said: Luzhou's "nest, Han Dynasty home Chaoxian also. The kingdom of the ancient Chaobo. Tang Fang Jie in the South nest, that is also As for Youchao's governance, there is no evidence to support it. As a result, people once doubted: in the period of Youchaoshi, there was not even a decent house, where would there be a capital.
Tian Jizhou's "history of nationalities in pre Qin Dynasty" said: "the legend of Youchaoshi mainly reflects the problem of human habitation in ancient times." "At that time, people were associated with animals, mainly collecting and living in caves. Of course, it should also be pointed out that the legendary nest dwelling is no longer the one in the process of changing from ape to human, but the one built with wood to avoid animals, insects and snakes. "
Textual research on literature
"Detailed explanation of hundred surnames" contains: "when Emperor Yu was granted Chaoshi, Chaoguo (now in Anhui) was established. In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, Chaoguo was a vassal state. In the spring and Autumn period, Chu destroyed Chaoguo, and the descendants of Chaoguo took the original name as their surname. " According to the Anhui dictionary, "the oracle bones unearthed in the Zhou Dynasty are recorded as" Zheng Chao ", and two bronzes in the ancient mirror of the Western Qing Dynasty also record Zhou's military use of the nest." Youchaoshi is mentioned in Lu's spring and Autumn Annals, Yili and Shiji Zhengyi. Zhang Lianggao divides the early architecture in history into "three primary colors of Chinese architecture" in "seven theories of craftsmanship": nest dwelling "," cave dwelling "and" Lu dwelling ". Qian Mu, a great master of Chinese culture, added a special remark to the spring and Autumn Annals on the location of "Chu people encircling nests", "Wu exterminating nests" and "living nests" in historical records: "Wuli, northeast of Chaoxian County, Anhui Province."
Jian Bozan in the "history of pre Qin Dynasty" will have Chaoshi back to the initial human era. He said: "human beings were separated from beasts in the first place because they knew how to make and use tools and began to work and create. So the primitive people in the legendary Youchaoshi era, although they have just entered the next period of the ignorant era of Chinese history with their own traces of origin, because they have stood up on the earth, they have also begun the initial labor creation of human society. Although the primitive people of Youchao's time already knew how to make and use tools, the so-called tools were just stones and sticks. The labor and creation of human beings in this era is what archaeologists call the early Paleolithic culture. " He further said in the note: "archaeologists divide the culture of the Paleolithic age into early, middle and late periods according to the degree of development of its production technology, which is consistent with the social and economic contents of the lower, middle and upper periods of the ignorant age in history. Therefore, it is characterized by the culture of Youchaoshi era in the next period of the ignorant age, which is the culture of the early Paleolithic age. "
Among the ancient Chinese bronzes, there is a famous national treasure "ban Zhen". It was written by Mao Bo in the period of King Mu of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the inscriptions of banzhen, there are four national names of "Bing, fan, Shu and Chao", among which "Chao" is the state of Chaobo, which was founded by the descendants of Youchao. The inscription on the bottom of the book is 198 characters, which is of great value in Chinese and foreign archaeological history.
On the merits and virtues of Youchaoshi and the Yanyan of ancient Chaoguo: Youchaoshi is a saint rather than a God, and he is the first saint in the history of Chinese civilization We should take "you Chao" as the ancestor of the Chinese nation's humanities, so that the whole human world can further appreciate and appreciate the profundity, scientificity and creativity of Chinese culture. "
Textual research on the site
In 1973, in the first excavation of Hemudu site, the wooden structure was exposed in the middle of the fourth floor, with a total of more than 1000 wooden members unearthed. It is consistent with what Han Feizi said: "there are sages who build wood nests to avoid group harm.". Therefore, some historians believe that "Hemudu people" is "the people of Youchaoshi", and Hemudu area is the central area of "Youchaoshi country". From April to July 1994, when the archaeological excavation was carried out in the Junjia mountain of Hemudu, the signs of the unearthed cultural relics were analyzed: after the death of the ancestors, the bodies were roasted with fire, and then the remains were put into the pot, and then buried in the earth, with the form of "ancient cremation"... And "you Chao's rule" in the history of the road: the burial of the people... Yu Houyi's salary. Burning and burying it, not sealing or planting it. Just covering up the loneliness. " It's consistent with the records of.
In the 1980s, with the discovery of Hexian ape man site, Yinshan Homo sapiens site and Lingjiatan site, Chaohu basin was recognized as one of the earliest birthplaces of ancient human beings, breaking the long-standing historical conclusion that the Yangtze River and Chaohu basin could not be the birthplace of human beings. After the Lingjiatan site was discovered in 1985, through the excavation process and the analysis of unearthed cultural relics, it is sufficient to prove that the Lingjiatan site is a Chaoshi tribal center with political, military and divine power.
