How to spread news in Xia Dynasty?

 

According to Shi Kuang's "book of history · Xia Shu" quoted by "Zuo Zhuan · the fourteenth year of Xianggong", Mu duo said: "every year Meng Chun, Qiu people follow Mu duo's path." As early as the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, there was such a kind of government officials called Qiu people who swayed Mu duo and traveled all over the country, declaring decrees and collecting customs. It can be said that it is the most primitive form of journalism in China.

It was the main media in the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties. The so-called "notice" refers to the government's notice of "notice to the world", which is hung and posted in a fixed place. The exposed cloth is mainly made of silk or wooden board, which "shows up to announce, and wants to know quickly from all directions".

With the appearance of printing technology in our country, Diebao appeared in Song Dynasty. The contents of "Di Bao", according to the "Song Hui yao ji Gao", mainly include "imperial court's political facilities, orders, rewards and punishments, imperial edicts, chapters and tables, CI Jian, Cha Chu, Zhu Pian" and so on. Other contents also include military situation, officials' chapters and so on.

Tabloid started in the Northern Song Dynasty and flourished in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is a kind of irregular private tabloid mainly containing news and current affairs.

Xiaoben began in Yuan Dynasty and was printed and distributed in folk sculpture. They mainly published news from the imperial court, many small books, and many reports on academic thoughts, scientific information, and economic fields.

The flag newspaper, the card newspaper and the jietie flag newspaper originated from the ancient "dew cloth". They were usually carried by special people, rode on horses, and sent by Mercedes Benz for the army and the people to read along the way to boost their morale. The card newspaper is a news communication tool written on a wooden card, while the placard is a printed matter similar to a flyer, which can be distributed everywhere.

Newspaper houses began in Qing Dynasty, mainly concentrated in Beijing. As early as the early Qing Dynasty, there were people in Beijing who were engaged in newspaper copying activities in the name of private. Most of them were low-level clerks. They took printing official newspapers as their sideline. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, they became private newspapers.

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Neng, bear and totem of Xia Dynasty

 When I was a child, I read the complete set of twelve volumes of "Chinese fairy tales" in "Han Sheng version". I remember that there are two rewriting stories about the "myth" of the two founding kings of the Xia Dynasty. The first paragraph describes the story of "he": in ancient China, floods were rampant and people were displaced, so he stole "xirang" from the heaven and laid it on the river bank, successfully resisting the flood. However, the theft violated the law of heaven, so the emperor of heaven ordered him to be executed in the extreme north. Although he died, his body never decayed. Later, the emperor sent people to see the man sealed in the icicle, only to find that his body turned into a yellow dragon and jumped out of the icicle, and then the dragon became a man - Yu. The second paragraph describes the story of Yu: the flood still spread in the world. Yu inherited his father's career and guided the flood according to the terrain. He works hard every day and never comes in three times. In order to dig the mountain wall, Yu incarnated into a powerful bear. Every day before Yu's wife delivers food to her husband, Yu will return to his original human form. One day, Yu was too devoted to his work and forgot to change into his original shape. When his wife sent food for him that day, she saw a giant bear at the scene, and was so scared that she immediately turned around and ran away. Yu, who is in the shape of a bear, thinks his wife is in danger and keeps chasing after her. When Yu's wife saw that the giant bear was chasing him, she turned into a stone. At this time, Yu realized that he had lost his wife and children because of his negligence. He knelt down beside the stone and cried, "return my son! At this time, the stone cracked and a living baby appeared in it. Therefore, Yu named this son "Qi" - meaning that he was born from the stone. Because there are various versions of these ancient myths that have been handed down to the present day, and the Chinese people have always regarded the Xia Dynasty as a part of ancient history, many scholars have extracted the "history" they want to demonstrate from the pile of "no archaeological materials" of the classics. However, the author has always believed that, although there is precious value in discussing history from myth, it must not be over extrapolated, because it is quite absurd to use such elements as the names of people, objects and dynasties in myth to correspond to certain people and things in history. Just as many people want to "prove" from the records of this mythical period that Shun elevated Yao, Yao murdered him, Yu imprisoned Shun, and Qi seized the throne of Yi, this is not so much a "historical" argument as the creation of "romance novels". However, if we look at the whole thing purely in terms of "mythological" meaning, there are still many interesting topics within the scope to explore. In the study of mythology, there is a phenomenon summed up by experience, that is, the later the age, the more complete the "story" of mythology. The two paragraphs quoted by the author at the beginning are, of course, quite late stories. However, the later myth is not a complete "re creation" after all, but a re packaging of many primitive elements. We can still get something interesting by going back from the later story. As for the first two stories of this article, the earliest written records I can find are as follows. There is a passage in Guoyu. Jinyu that says to the Duke of Jin Ping: "the In the past, he disobeyed the emperor's orders and turned into a yellow bear in Yushan to enter the Yuyuan. In the book of mountains and seas, haineijing, "he steals the land of the emperor to contain the flood without waiting for the emperor's orders. The emperor ordered Zhu Rong to kill Yu Jiao. He revived Yu. The emperor ordered Yu's death to set up nine prefectures. "The songs of Chu: questions from heaven" How can the witches live when they turn into huangneng? These are the sources of his stories, which can be regarded as the records of the Warring States period.

In the history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty saw a "xiahoushi" when he visited Mount Song. "Yan shigu" of Tang Dynasty is quoted here as "Qi, the son of Xia Yu.". His mother, Tu Shan's daughter. Yu ruled Hongshui, connected Fuyuan mountain, and turned into a bear. He called it Tushan, saying, "if you want to pay, you can hear the drum. Yu jumped the stone and hit the drum by mistake. When Tu Shan went there, he saw that Yu was a bear. He was ashamed to leave. He turned into a stone at the foot of Song Mountain. Yu said, "it's my son. The stone broke through the north and began to grow. This is the source of the story of Yu Zhiqi. Although Yan shigu claimed that it was from Huainanzi of the Western Han Dynasty, this article has never had such a specific plot. Therefore, we can see that the two kings who founded the Xia Dynasty were matched with the image of "yellow bear". In the later popular stories (i.e. the fairy tale version I read when I was a child), the saying of "Yellow Dragon" instead of "yellow bear" should be changed from "yellow bear" to "Yellow Dragon" in order to make the myth more in line with the noble symbol of the times. However, we also notice that in the process of the circulation of ancient books and the narration of the same story from different sources, "Huang Xiong" sometimes writes "Huang Neng". Therefore, another version of Zi Chan's "yellow bear" in Guoyu is that "he turns into huangneng". There have always been two versions of what "NENG" means. In ShuoWenJieZi, it is interpreted as "Neng, a bear, whose feet are like deer. Can, beast strong, so called virtuous. This is a mutual training between "NENG" and "Xiong". If we adopt the saying in Shuowen, it is not surprising that "Huang Xiong" or "Huang Neng" refer to the same thing. However, in Er Ya Shi Yu, we say, "the turtle has three feet, and it can. This means that Neng is an aquatic turtle, but it has only three feet. But also in Er Ya Shi Shou, there is "bear, tiger, ugly. The bear here is the same animal as the tiger. Therefore, the two theories of "NENG" and "Xiong" in different versions of the legend of Jianyu are totally different.

Two years ago, the author read Yang Kuan's history of the Warring States period, which included an article published by the author, the statues of the four seasons in Chu silk books and their creation myths. Only in this way can the author feel a sense of "sudden enlightenment". In 1942, the precious cultural relic "Chu silk book" unearthed from the bullet depot in Changsha, Hunan Province, appeared simultaneously in the Warring States period, with the "words" and "pictures" about the "creation myth" and the "four seasons and the moon order" of the state of Chu. Here we first discuss that Fuxi, the creator of the world, gave birth to four sons, one of whom was named "Huang Nan". The silk script also lists the "gods in charge" for 12 months, which are almost the same as those described in Erya. The God of September, the great God who opened autumn, is recorded as "Xuan Siqiu" in the text, that is, Fuxi's son "Huang Nan". The attached picture shows a double snake head and four legged deity.

In his analysis, Yang Kuan believes that the other name of this God is Xuan, and its image is a double headed turtle. The reason is that in different versions of "he", the right side is replaced by "Xuan". The ancient sounds of "Xuan" and "Gan" are similar to those of today's "Kun". "Huang Nan" means "Huang Nan killed (and resurrected)". "Nan" and "NENG" (the middle ancient pronunciation of Neng is "Nai" and "Nai") have the same ancient pronunciation, so "Huang Nan" here is "Huang Neng" in other classics. To sum up, "Gan" and "Xuan" are corresponding to each other, and "Huang Nan" and "Huang Neng" are also corresponding to each other. Its mythical image is the "two headed turtle". In this series of discussions, Yang Kuan believes that the two arguments of "three legged turtle" and "bear" should be the result of misrepresentation. In addition, if we look at the images in the Chu silk books, the later "Xuanwu" also has the same origin with the mythical archetype of this "Xiajia". This is because the head shape of Xuan in the silk script is a snake with two tongues and a four legged turtle. The symbols of "snake" and "Tortoise" are the special symbols of the statue of "Xuantian God".

I just got a corresponding table about "Jinwen / zhongdingwen" recently. If we simplify the question to "can" or "bear", what is the original form of the word? At present, there is no "Xiong" in the inscriptions on oracle bones and bronze inscriptions available to the author. It was not until Xiaozhuan that the two characters "NENG" and "Xiong" could be distinguished. Therefore, the following can only be viewed from the word "NENG". The character "NENG" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is written as follows:

I must admit that I don't see any clue Four "nengs" can be found in the inscriptions on gold, the most representative of which are as follows:

First impressions alone make us instantly recognizable. This is the "profile" of a reptile, with two clawed feet on the bottom and the "head" on the left. There are two lines extending above its body: a short straight line and a long arc. There is no exact answer to what the other line stands for. The other three "inscriptions on gold" found by the author are as follows:

Basically, these can be regarded as derivations from the first word above. If we look at them in sequence, I think the first two words show that they are living in the environment of "fluid" - flying in the air or swimming in the water. However, the shape of the third character is very different from the later seal style. Seeing this, I can answer my previous question: "NENG" should have been a turtle in ancient times. Therefore, "NENG" is interpreted as "three legged turtle" in Erya. If we look at the evolution of the word in the future, we will find that the head of the original creature has been gradually "abstracted" in the back, which is similar to the appearance of "meat". Therefore, in the period of Shuowen in the Han Dynasty, the character "NENG" was written as follows:

We can clearly see that the "head" that originally appeared on the lower left has been "standardized" and has become the "meat (Moon)" to the letter. This is almost the complete appearance of the detachable parts of "NENG" - Fu, Yue and dagger. If we take these supernatural materials out of the myth of the founding of the Xia Dynasty, and look at the changes of ancient and modern versions and characters, the totems of the Xia Dynasty should belong to the "aquatic deities" rather than bears. Compared with the legend of the founding of the Xia Dynasty, it is inseparable from the "water control work", so it is more reasonable to regard "huangneng" as "turtle with gods" than "huangxiong". Moreover, in the spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, which was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there is a paragraph that says: "the spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue is the spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue." He lives in Yushan. He threw himself into the water and turned into Huang Neng, because he was the God of Yu Yuan. It has been shown that the myth of "Water God" has spread to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Furthermore, it can be inferred that this kind of Water God also has the meaning of "water in the abyss". People can easily equate with "the God of the nether world" or even "the God of hell" (of course, there is no such visualized concept of "hell" in that fashion...) Only in this way can he have the mythical meaning of "resurrection from death".

In ancient times, the idea of "GaN / BIE" as "resurrection from death" and "Water God" also appeared in Shu. Yang Xiong's "the book of the king of Shu" mentions that the state of Chu killed "bieling", the leader of his vassal state. His body drifted against the river to Shu and came back to life. Du Yu, king of Shu, took bieling as his prime minister. Bieling successfully controlled the local floods and made the people live and work in peace and contentment. Therefore, the king of Shu passed the throne to bieling, who made great contributions. After bieling ascended the throne, he was known as "Kaiming emperor". The author believes that this is a myth and legend from the same source as "Huang Neng" in Xia Dynasty, which is used as the packaging material for the royal lineage. According to the same series of myths, the image of "Huang Nan" painted on Chu silk books is to add two snake heads to the turtle shaped water god to prove its greater power. Therefore, I believe that the "three legged turtle" in Er Ya is not a mistake, but a variant derived from different regions. Since the king of Yue inherited the Xia Dynasty, we can equate the ancient legends of Xia and Yue. The lineage of the king of Shu obviously has a considerable origin with the state of Chu, so Chu and Shu can also be divided into the same ancient mythological circle. From this point of view, "Xia" and "Chu" are two of the four cultural circles mentioned above. Xia in the Central Plains Dynasty and Chu in the South both have legends from the same mythological Totem - Huang Neng and Huang Nan.

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In history, male chauvinism is so powerful, why is there always a girl in trouble?

Beauty is in trouble, beauty lovers don't love rivers and mountains, and beauty is in a rage

These words need not have any culture, as long as you have heard a few traditional storytelling, you will probably be familiar with them.

There are also those who are a little less popular - dirty Tang villains, Tang women's misfortune, losing their country with a smile, and so on. If you have a little traditional education, you will be no stranger.

All of these convey a meaning that seems to be very similar to "truth" -- women are harmful to our country, and beautiful women are often the poison of our country and the world!

To extend this meaning slightly, from the perspective of psychological implication, it's easy to think that the reason why there are so many changes in history is that there are so many women who bring disaster to the country and the people.

So, the question is - how can there be so many women who bring disaster to the country and the people?

（1） Questions raised by two different lists

Xia has Meixi, Shang has Daji, Zhou has Baosi These are the three "daughters of subjugation" of the so-called "last three generations" in our history.

Because there were too many countries in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the list was very long.

Before the Great Han Dynasty, there was the dictatorship of LV Zhi, among which there were Fu Zhaoyi and ER Zhao. Later, there was empress dowager he.

The greater Tang Dynasty -- Princess Gaoyang, Empress Wu, Princess Taiping, Princess Yang Guifei It's very appalling that Empress Wu had been emperor for more than ten years. It's just a subversion of the cardinal principles!

In the prosperous Song Dynasty, imperial concubine Liu and master Li, who exchanged civet cat for prince, are not sure whether they are true or false, but it is true that they have been widely spread.

There are also empress Haima of the Yuan Dynasty, Empress Dowager li of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yuanyuan, concubine Dong E of the Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi, and even Even if you say too much, it will cause trouble.

This is just a selection of the "great dynasties" and the principle of "or can be tested". Seriously, this list will be very long, and it will be as large as the roll call of the women's army.

The other list is the whole west corresponding to us. The most important ones that are "comparable" to those mentioned above and known to the Chinese people are probably two: Cleopatra of ancient Egypt and Helen of ancient Greece. They're all legends. "Yanhou" later committed suicide; and Helen lived well, and no one investigated her for any responsibility, but she became the idol of romantic literati dream of later generations. It seems that there are few descriptions of "dirty" and "smelly".

The difference between the "length" of the two lists, as well as the difference between the "final conclusion" of the women on the list, has aroused the author's doubt very early on.

There are three questions

Are the women here too bad, or are the men here too easily bewitched by women?

How can we make some women play so badly when we put so much emphasis on male chauvinism?

There are so few women like this in the West. Am I too ignorant, or do they deliberately cover up their ugliness and refuse to tell me?

（2） Two ways for beauties to bring disaster to the country and the people

The situation in the west is not very clear, so let's mainly talk about ourselves.

In ancient times, so many women and beauties have "harmed" the big and powerful country. It's hard to return to the disaster and change the dynasty. What's the matter?

In general, we can see two forms, or "path"——

One is the real "mistake for love". Three most famous "examples": Yang Guifei vs Tang Minghuang, Xiao Zhouhou vs Li Houzhu, Shunzhi vs Dong E Fei.

If you look at these three "examples", someone will surely add that Baosi and King Youwang of Zhou should also be considered, as well as "Er Zhao" and Emperor chengdi of the Western Han Dynasty. There are also the earliest Meixi and xiajie. And

period!

Not so much!

It's too early for Meixi and xiajie. It's hard to say whether there is Meixi or not.

In the Western Han Dynasty, two Zhao (Zhao Feiyan and Zhao Hede sisters) and Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty seem to have no "love" but pure "desire".

I'm afraid that Baosi and king you of Zhou really have something else to tell. Specific, enough to open a separate detail.

Even empress Xiao Zhou, empress Li, Lord Shunzhi and concubine Dong E How to say? Love, I think, must be love. But it seems to be reluctant to put the responsibility of subjugating the country on them and their love. When Li Houzhu arrived in that country, he worked hard and I'm afraid he couldn't recover. No matter how "absurd" Shunzhi is, the rising "Qing Dynasty" and "why not"!

Beauty is in trouble, beauty lovers don't love rivers and mountains, and beauty is in a rage

These words need not have any culture, as long as you have heard a few traditional storytelling, you will probably be familiar with them.

There are also those who are a little less popular - dirty Tang villains, Tang women's misfortune, losing their country with a smile, and so on. If you have a little traditional education, you will be no stranger.

All of these convey a meaning that seems to be very similar to "truth" -- women are harmful to our country, and beautiful women are often the poison of our country and the world!

To extend this meaning slightly, from the perspective of psychological implication, it's easy to think that the reason why there are so many changes in history is that there are so many women who bring disaster to the country and the people.

So, the question is - how can there be so many women who bring disaster to the country and the people?

（1） Questions raised by two different lists

Xia has Meixi, Shang has Daji, Zhou has Baosi These are the three "daughters of subjugation" of the so-called "last three generations" in our history.

Because there were too many countries in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the list was very long.

Before the Great Han Dynasty, there was the dictatorship of LV Zhi, among which there were Fu Zhaoyi and ER Zhao. Later, there was empress dowager he.

The greater Tang Dynasty -- Princess Gaoyang, Empress Wu, Princess Taiping, Princess Yang Guifei It's very appalling that Empress Wu had been emperor for more than ten years. It's just a subversion of the cardinal principles!

In the prosperous Song Dynasty, imperial concubine Liu and master Li, who exchanged civet cat for prince, are not sure whether they are true or false, but it is true that they have been widely spread.

There are also empress Haima of the Yuan Dynasty, Empress Dowager li of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yuanyuan, concubine Dong E of the Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi, and even Even if you say too much, it will cause trouble.

This is just a selection of the "great dynasties" and the principle of "or can be tested". Seriously, this list will be very long, and it will be as large as the roll call of the women's army.

The other list is the whole west corresponding to us. The most important ones that are "comparable" to those mentioned above and known to the Chinese people are probably two: Cleopatra of ancient Egypt and Helen of ancient Greece. They're all legends. "Yanhou" later committed suicide; and Helen lived well, and no one investigated her for any responsibility, but she became the idol of romantic literati dream of later generations. It seems that there are few descriptions of "dirty" and "smelly".

The difference between the "length" of the two lists, as well as the difference between the "final conclusion" of the women on the list, has aroused the author's doubt very early on.

There are three questions

Are the women here too bad, or are the men here too easily bewitched by women?

How can we make some women play so badly when we put so much emphasis on male chauvinism?

There are so few women like this in the West. Am I too ignorant, or do they deliberately cover up their ugliness and refuse to tell me?

（2） Two ways for beauties to bring disaster to the country and the people

The situation in the west is not very clear, so let's mainly talk about ourselves.

In ancient times, so many women and beauties have "harmed" the big and powerful country. It's hard to return to the disaster and change the dynasty. What's the matter?

In general, we can see two forms, or "path"——

One is the real "mistake for love". Three most famous "examples": Yang Guifei vs Tang Minghuang, Xiao Zhouhou vs Li Houzhu, Shunzhi vs Dong E Fei.

If you look at these three "examples", someone will surely add that Baosi and King Youwang of Zhou should also be considered, as well as "Er Zhao" and Emperor chengdi of the Western Han Dynasty. There are also the earliest Meixi and xiajie. And

period!

Not so much!

It's too early for Meixi and xiajie. It's hard to say whether there is Meixi or not.

In the Western Han Dynasty, two Zhao (Zhao Feiyan and Zhao Hede sisters) and Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty seem to have no "love" but pure "desire".

I'm afraid that Baosi and king you of Zhou really have something else to tell. Specific, enough to open a separate detail.

Even empress Xiao Zhou, empress Li, Lord Shunzhi and concubine Dong E How to say? Love, I think, must be love. But it seems to be reluctant to put the responsibility of subjugating the country on them and their love. When Li Houzhu arrived in that country, he worked hard and I'm afraid he couldn't recover. No matter how "absurd" Shunzhi is, the rising "Qing Dynasty" and "why not"!

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What is the reason behind the death of a son who does not eat his father's meat?

 According to the literature, after Dayu died, he passed the throne to Boyi. However, Boyi's reputation and prestige were far less than that of Dayu's son Xia Qi. Therefore, many people supported Xia Qi's accession to the throne of God. On the surface, Xia Qi has "popularity", it is said that it is the trend of the times to be emperor, so he should hand over the work with Bo Yi peacefully.

However, in fact, Boyi was not willing to abdicate. He felt that Xia Qi was not qualified to be emperor.

For a time, Boyi and Xia Qi fought for the supreme power for a long time. In the end, Xia Qi abolished the patriarchal clan's "abdication system" by force, and replaced it with the "hereditary system" in which the father passed on the son. That is to say, if the father is a monarch, then he should pass on to his own children and make them a new monarch.

After Xia Qi won, he not only killed Boyi, but also established the first hereditary Dynasty in Chinese history - Xia Dynasty. Xia Dynasty was born between the killing of the tribal nobles, and Xia Qi naturally became the first emperor of Xia Dynasty. Although this protracted battle has ended, Xiaqi's succession to the throne has not been supported by all the tribes, and even some tribal leaders firmly oppose Xiaqi.

Moreover, Xia Qi killed Bo Yi, but also met with strong dissatisfaction and resistance from some tribal leaders. Among them, the Hu tribe took the lead in making trouble. Although the foundation of the Hu tribe is stable, it has always occupied the area of Shaanxi and is located in the place of fortress. It can advance, attack and retreat. However, Xia Qi, by virtue of his bravery and strategy of surpassing ordinary people, finally captured the Hu family.

After attacking Hu, Xia Qi made his ruling position more stable.

The establishment of Xia Dynasty promoted the development of slavery, because it was based on the plundering of slave labor. After the nobles reduced the war prisoners to slaves, they were sent to work. Moreover, the slave labor was not paid, and the slave owners took the opportunity to collect money. The agricultural process of Xia Dynasty was remarkable, especially in the yield of crops.

Although the agricultural utensils of the Xia Dynasty were still pure natural utensils such as wood, stone and bone, with the wisdom of the people of the Xia Dynasty, they could use simple tools to control floods. In addition, irrigation facilities were greatly promoted in the Xia Dynasty, which was fed back by agricultural products. In addition, there were a lot of free "labor", which also led to the rapid development of agriculture in the Xia Dynasty.

The Xia Dynasty not only improved their living skills and experience, but also realized that the astronomical calendar was closely related to crop production. Not only that, Xia people also took the lead in summarizing the earliest Chinese almanac based on the knowledge of astronomy and calendar. In addition, after mastering the knowledge of astronomy and calendar, Xia Dynasty people played a positive role in promoting agricultural production.

In addition, the handicraft industry of Xia Dynasty also developed to a higher level, especially copper manufacturing, which was regarded as a new handicraft industry. Copper manufacturing in the Xia Dynasty adopted complicated processes, which reflected the economic progress of the Xia Dynasty. It was also because a large number of slaves put into production that copper smelting technology developed rapidly.

The bronze wares unearthed from Erlitou cultural site in Xia ruins prove the superb copper smelting skills of the Xia Dynasty. In particular, a bronze vessel, which contains 92% copper and 7% tin, was identified as the earliest bronze vessel in China. The whole production process of tongjue is complicated, and it is made of many models. In addition, Erlitou also unearthed copper Ge, which is the earliest bronze weapon found in China.

It is not difficult to see that the copper making technology of Xia Dynasty was fully applied to noble life and war weapons. This also shows the development of Xia Dynasty civilization, and is an important symbol of the rapid economic and social development. After the death of Xia Qi, Taikang inherited the throne. Since then, the Xia Dynasty has experienced a period of turbulent years.

Taikang didn't care about the state affairs. He was addicted to hunting all day, and gradually lost the popular support, which led Houyi to take the opportunity to expel Taikang. Taikang fled to the north of Luoshui with his five brothers and his mother. The five brothers were not allowed to return to their country. They made a "song of five sons" to express their dissatisfaction and self pity to Prince Kang. Although the people of Xia Dynasty supported Taikang as the king, all the real power in the dynasty belonged to Houyi.

Hou Yi was the leader of the poor clan, not a mythical man. After the death of Taikang, Hou Yi made Zhongkang king, but the actual ruler was still Hou Yi. Hou Yi's subversion of the Xia Dynasty was called "Hou Yi replacing Xia" by later generations. However, history is always astonishingly similar. Hou Yi was brave, loved riding and shooting, and spent all his time hunting outside, ignoring state affairs, just like Tai Kang.

After that, Hou Yi abolished the loyal ministers such as Wu Luo, Bo Kun and Long Yao, and put Han Zhuo, an unfilial son expelled by the Boming family, in high position. When he was young, hanzhuo was expelled by the king of Boming because of rumors. Later, he was adopted by Houyi and became a member of Youqiong family, which was very important. However, what Houyi didn't expect was that with the growing power of hanzhuo, his desire also increased.

Later, while Houyi was out hunting, hanzhuo seized the throne, killed him with his cronies, cooked his meat and fed it to his children. After Hou Yi's son refused, he was brutally killed by Han Zhuo. In addition, hanzhuo also occupied Hou Yi's wife and gave birth to two sons, he and Chen. Henceforth, hanzhuo became king by himself and tried to eradicate the descendants of Xia Dynasty.

However, there is no absolute solution. In the Xia Dynasty, the wife of the monarch became a "fish caught in the net". After fleeing back to her mother's home, she gave birth to Shaokang. When he was an adult, Shaokang became the muzheng of his mother's family. Faced with the pursuit of pouring, Shaokang, in a panic, defected to the Yu family and married the second Yao of the Yu family. Later, Yu Si, the monarch of the state of Yu, helped Shaokang fight for the adherents of the Xia family.

King fo Shaokang

Soon after, Shaokang gained a lot of land and slaves, and gathered the Xia people's forces to contact the old Xia aristocrats around him, striving to eliminate the remaining forces of hanzhuo. Finally, under the strategy of Shaokang, he restored the rule of Xia Dynasty, which is called "Shaokang resurgence". But Han Zhuo attempted suicide. Shaokang counted all the crimes of Han Zhuo and cut off his flesh one by one until he died.

So far, the Youqiong family of the Dongyi nationality, who controlled the Central Plains for nearly a hundred years after three generations and four generations, was destroyed, ending the 40 year period of "no king". After "protracted war" and long-term accumulation, Xia Dynasty established a slavery Dynasty.

Finally, from "Taikang lost his country" to "Shaokang revived", it lasted nearly a hundred years. If we say that the establishment of the Xia Dynasty is the earliest "prosperity" of Chinese dynasties, it is the first "King" to rely on power to start the country, and Taikang is the earliest "King" to become. Only in the Shaokang period did the Xia Dynasty enter into the situation of "rule" and "prosperity", and the situation of resurgence appeared.

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What book is Xia Xiaozheng? What is the relationship between Xia Xiaozheng and the Xia Dynasty?

 Xia Xiaozheng is a book, and it is also the earliest existing almanac dedicated to recording traditional farming. But we don't know who the author of this book is. We can only speculate that he or they lived in the Warring States period or the Han Dynasty. According to the contents of the book, many people speculate whether there is any connection between the book and the Xia Dynasty. Can Xia Xiaozheng be used as the historical evidence to prove the existence of the Xia Dynasty?

It is said that Xia Xiaozheng is a surviving astrology, phenology and farming almanac in the Xia Dynasty. As we all know, the classical Chinese in ancient China in Zhou Dynasty is very ancient and difficult to understand. A word or word may need to be interpreted in a whole paragraph or more of modern Chinese. Moreover, because the time is too long, the historical records are mixed. For Xia Xiaozheng, which has only 400 words The same is true of historical data.

Today, through archaeological excavation, the historical context of the three dynasties in ancient China - Xia, Shang, Zhou, Shang and Zhou, because of archaeological discoveries and written records, at least in the context of the Dynasty and other aspects of a more consistent consensus, but for the Xia Dynasty, even its existence must be questioned.

Therefore, Xia Xiaozheng has greater research value.

1、 A brief textual research on Xia Xiaozheng.

The text of Xia Xiaozheng, which is handed down today, was first found in the book of rites of Dadai written by Dade in the Han Dynasty. This is not to say that Xia Xiaozheng was first found in historical books in this period. In fact, Xia Xiaozheng is recorded in Shiji · Xia Benji: when Confucius was in Xia Dynasty, scholars mostly passed on Xia Xiaozheng.

In fact, Xia Xiaozheng was not named by this name at first. In many places in the book, he called himself Xiaozheng. For example, Hong didn't have to be Xiaozheng's deceased.

It can be seen that the name of Xia Xiaozheng is believed by later generations that the book should have been handed down from the Xia Dynasty, and most of its contents are related to the Xia Dynasty. Therefore, the word "Xia" was added before the title of the book to create Xia Xiaozheng.

There are many different opinions about the time of Xia Xiaozheng's completion, and so far there is no final conclusion in the academic circle. There are theories written in Xia Dynasty, Zhou Dynasty, spring and Autumn period, Warring States period and Qin and Han Dynasties. I personally think that the main content of Xia Xiaozheng should have been circulated and recorded in the Xia and Shang Dynasties, and it was almost completed in the Zhou Dynasty.

According to the book of rites · Liyun, Confucius said, "I want to observe the way of Xia, so it's a sacrifice. If I don't have enough, I will have the time of Xia." When Zheng Xuan annotated this passage, he thought that what Confucius said "I have summer time" was Xiaozheng, that is, xiaxiaozheng.

It can be inferred that Xiaozheng existed at least in the spring and Autumn period. Then, how did the books of Zhou Dynasty recording the phenology and astrology of Xia Dynasty come down after five or six hundred years?

There is a saying in the book of history: only the ancestors of Yin had books.

In fact, the records left by the ancients in our country are quite accurate. According to the book of history, there were books in the Shang Dynasty. Before the oracle bone inscriptions were found, this matter was still in doubt. When a large number of oracle bone inscriptions were unearthed, people found that what the book of history said was true.

Therefore, we can infer that the Shang Dynasty inherited from the Xia dynasty may have collected or recorded the phenology and astrology of the Xia Dynasty, and even edited into a book.

Therefore, I think the completion date of Xia Xiaozheng can be extended to the Western Zhou Dynasty, even to the Shang Dynasty.

2、 Xia Xiaozheng and Xia Dynasty.

Although Xia Xiaozheng has only 400 words, its content is very rich, involving agriculture, astronomy, sacrifice, personnel and so on. We can also discuss whether these contents are really from the Xia Dynasty.

1. The calendar in Xia Xiaozheng.

Although Xia Xiaozheng is written in December, only the first month to October is recorded, and the remaining two months are vacant. At the same time, the records of the ten months are similar to the records of the whole year in later studies.

For example, "may" in Xia Xiaozheng records "keeping the sun at times", while "October" records "keeping the night at times". The so-called "keeping the day" or "keeping the night" should be summer solstice and winter solstice respectively according to the interpretation of later generations. There are only five months between "keeping the day (summer solstice)" and "keeping the night (winter solstice)". Therefore, it can be inferred that the calendar used in Xia Xiaozheng is ten Monthly calendar, that is to say, a year is counted as ten months.

Therefore, the two months recorded by the vacant astrology should be the result of the later generations' ignorance of the ancient October calendar and the addition of superfluous things. This is also a common problem in the spread of ancient books. It means that later generations tamper with ancient books because of clerical errors, misunderstanding or other reasons.

In fact, the October calendar is also recorded in other ancient books, such as "yizhoushu zhouyue": zhouzheng begins at the beginning of the year, counting from one to ten. The second is the first, the other is the second.

It is also recorded in the book Taiping Jing of the Han Dynasty that the end of the tenth number, therefore, the beginning of the tenth number is reversed in October.

This is a very old calendar, which uses a variety of stars as coordinates to observe and make calendars. Therefore, there will be more detailed records about stars in Xia Xiaozheng, because stars are the root of calendar making in Xia Dynasty.

According to the records in Xia Xiaozheng, the ancients called this kind of calendar "ancient summer calendar". This is different from the two seasons solar calendar used in Yin and Shang Dynasties and the familiar calendar used in Zhou Dynasty.

The new summer calendar used in the Zhou Dynasty also comes from the ancient summer calendar handed down from the Xia Dynasty. Some scholars infer that the Xia Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty may have the same origin. From this point, we can also confirm that this part of Xia Xiaozheng, that is, the astrology and calendar, is indeed recorded from the Xia Dynasty, or at least the Xia civilization circle.

2. From Xia Xiaozheng to July in the book of songs.

July in the book of songs is also a long poem that records many seasons and phenology. The biggest connection between this poem and Xia Xiaozheng is that it also uses the ancient summer calendar, that is, the October calendar. From "in February (spring), there is a cry of canggeng" to "in October, crickets come into my bed to get rice, rice and corn.".

Later scholars made a detailed comparison of the two historical materials, and believed that from the phenological records, it can be concluded that the two historical materials used the same calendar. Moreover, in terms of word similarity, phenology, time and season, solar term celebration, there is also a high degree of correlation.

Xia Xiaozheng: there is Ming canggeng in February. July: in the spring, there is Ming canggeng.

Xia Xiaozheng: Collection in February. July: spring is a long way to go.

Xia Xiaozheng: Mulberry shooting in March July: canyuetiaoshang.

……

Xia Xiaozheng: Wang Shiqiu in September. July: clothing in September.

This similarity at least represents the inheritance of a civilization. Obviously, there is a great correlation between the Zhou Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty. It is recorded in historical records that Hou Ji was the ancestor of Zhou Dynasty. According to the records of the historian, Zhou Benji: Emperor Yao heard about it and gave it up as a farmer's teacher. It is also said that the rise of Houji had its virtue in the Tang Dynasty and the Xia Dynasty.

According to historical records, the ancestor of Zhou Dynasty was the Minister of agriculture in Xia Dynasty, and the rise of Zhou Dynasty was just at this time. From this point of view, the Zhou Dynasty should be an important vassal state or Fang state in the Xia Dynasty. After the Xia Dynasty of the Shang Dynasty, this vassal state "ran between Rong and Di".

According to historical records, the process of Xia Dynasty in Shang Dynasty was not cruel. For most of the small vassals and Fangguo, Shang Dynasty did not raise troops to punish them. In this situation, the ancestors of Zhou Dynasty fled. This proves from the side that the relationship between Zhou Dynasty and Xia Dynasty was very deep, even the high-level of Xia Dynasty, so they chose to flee in the face of the attack of Shang Dynasty.

It seems that we can get such an interpretation, that is, the founder of the Zhou Dynasty was a branch of the Xia Dynasty, so the Zhou Dynasty followed the Xia Dynasty's calendar in the early period. On the other hand, it also proves the existence of Xia civilization to a certain extent.

3. Thoughts in Xia Xiaozheng.

In the book of rites, it is said that Confucius said: Xia Dao respects orders, he respects ghosts, he is far away from gods, and he is loyal to people close to him The people of Yin respected the gods and led the people to serve the gods. The ghosts were the first, and then the rites were the second. The punishments were the first, and then the rewards were the second. The people's poverty is not quiet, victory is shameless. The people of Zhou Dynasty respected courtesy, worshiped ghosts, worshiped gods, and were loyal to people close to them

From this passage, we can see the changes in the view of destiny in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. In Xia Dynasty, people were closer to nature. Although they had a reverence for ghosts and gods, they respected the destiny and nature more. Since different Shang Dynasty had different painting styles, and Zhou Dynasty had a long relationship with Xia Dynasty, although they were also "far away from ghosts and gods", their spiritual core was different.

This is obvious in Xia Xiaozheng.

Xia Xiaozheng does not contain the Yin Yang and five elements and other similar theories in the Zhou Dynasty and later books. It is a more intuitive and simple view of heaven and earth. This idea is consistent with the Xia Dynasty in historical records.

To sum up, I think Xia Xiaozheng is an extremely rare and intuitive historical record of the Xia Dynasty, which is of great significance for the study of the Xia Dynasty. However, it is impossible to confirm the existence of the Xia Dynasty only by Xia Xiaozheng, a 400 word book.

On the other hand, the mutual evidence between Xia Xiaozheng and other historical materials can at least prove to a certain extent that there was a highly developed civilization before the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

As for whether this civilization is Xia civilization, and whether Xia civilization is a dynasty similar to Shang and Zhou dynasties, it is still doubtful.

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Is Sanxingdui site the capital of Xia Dynasty? How to judge the origin of Sanxingdui site?

Xia Dynasty has always been a dynasty that people are very concerned about. If we can find out some detailed information of this dynasty, we will have more information for people to study ancient history. Although people often say Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, they know very little about the Xia Dynasty. One of the reasons is the writing. Oracle bone inscriptions are not the earliest writing. There were other writing before that, but now they can't understand what it means. Therefore, they know even less about the Xia Dynasty. Now, there are two places that have caused disputes over the "capital of Xia Dynasty". Who is the real capital of Xia Dynasty?

"Guoyu · zhouyuxia" records: "xiyiluo exhausted and Xia died." According to the Bamboo Annals, later Jie conquered Minshan and got two daughters, but abandoned his Yuanfei yuluo. These two materials clearly point out the geographical space of Xiadu. So far, there are two places most likely to be identified as the capital of Xia: Luoyang, the site of Erlitou, and Guanghan, the site of Sanxingdui. Obviously, if the capital of Xia is located in Luoyang or Guanghan, the system of Xia history will be completely different. In Luoyang, it is in line with most people's traditional cognition; in Guanghan, it will subvert most people's traditional cognition. So, which is the real summer capital, Luoyang or Guanghan?

In the article "Erlitou culture has nothing to do with the search for Xia Dynasty! Breaking the historical time frame of historical records is the way out", the author talks about three reasons why Erlitou site will not be the capital of Xia Dynasty: first, Yiluo area, where Erlitou site is located, is the name of the Xia people's clan, which is not the capital of Xia Dynasty. Second, if we want to make sure that Zhenxun is the capital of the king, the sentence "taikangju Zhenxun" in Bamboo Annals can not be implemented in Erlitou site. Third, if Erlitou is determined to be the capital of Wang, the mainstream opinion of academic circles regards Yanshi mall as the capital of Tang, so it can not form a self consistent logic.

Since Erlitou can't be the capital of Xia, can the identity of Sanxingdui be determined? The so-called irregular name doesn't make sense. Now, on the basis of the theory of "Xia is divided into three sections" put forward in the parallel theory of Xia and Shang and Zhou, this paper talks about the name of Xia capital of Sanxingdui. Please criticize it.

1、 Mulberry in the sky

According to the view of "Xia is divided into three parts", Sanxingdui culture belongs to the king capital of Yu Xia alliance regime, which was destroyed by Hou Yi. In the fourth year of Xianggong in Zuozhuan, Wei Zhuangzi admonished the Marquis of Jin Dynasty and said that in the past, there was a decline of Xia, and Hou Yi moved to qiongshi, because Xia people replaced Xia government.

The name "poor stone" is also found in Lisao, but it is not mentioned by those who study Xiadu. In fact, qiongshi refers to "kongsang" mentioned in LvShiChunQiu and guicang. In Zuozhuan and diwangshiji, it is called "qiongsang", while in Huayang Guozhi, it is recorded as "Qushang". Its sound can be compared with the Khyung tshang in Shannan Tibetan, which means the residence of Shenniao. These contents have been discussed in "worship of divine bird and legend of kongsang", which can be referred to.

2、 Luocheng

In the article "talking about Shimao site, Huangdi culture and Eagle worship in Northern Shaanxi from Baidi theory of Zhou people", the author pointed out that khyun tshang was the name of Sanxingdui Dacheng by Rong people in ancient times, while today's Yi language group with Zhai people's origin called it lo33 zi21, which is literally translated as "Luoyi" or "Laoqiu". The Sanxingdui site has long been known as "Luocheng" in Guanghan Dynasty, and its reason must be here. From the perspective of national language, "Luocheng" is a mixture of Chinese and ancient Yi language, which means "city". If we consider the complex formation process of the Yi people, in fact, the name "Luocheng" can also be read in Baipu language, which forms the bottom of the Yi people, and its meaning is still the residence of divine birds. In other words, "Luocheng" and "kongsang" have the same meaning though they have different etymology.

According to archaeological materials, the Chinese name "Luocheng" existed in the Western Han Dynasty. In 1997, Tang Xingfeng, a villager of Xiaohan town in Guanghan City, found an iron bridge pier on the shiting river beach, on which was engraved with 16 characters: "Luojiang bridge in Guanghan county is built in the first year of Taishi." The first year of Taishi was 96 BC. From the end of 1983 to January 1984, a batch of Han bricks were found at the navigation station outside the South Gate of Guanghan county during the construction of the wall, on which the inscriptions of "Luocheng" and "luoguan chengluo" were also cast.

From the literature, the word "Luo" in Sanxingdui area has been recorded in the book of mountains and seas. For example, Zhongci Jiujing says that the head of Minjiang River is the mountain of nuji Luo water flows out of Yan River.

Luoshui is also called Luoshui. In geography of Hanshu, Luoxian County of Guanghan County, xiatiao said: "Zhangshan is the place where Luoshui comes out and Xindu Valley comes in the south. There are civil servants. "Mang said," I'm a Luo. " Luoshui, the shiting River, is one of the three main sources of Tuojiang River.

Jianshui river is the Yazi river which flows through the Sanxingdui site, and was called Yanjiang River in ancient times. The ancient pronunciation of Yi and Yan is the opposite rotation of the adjacent New York side, and their phonetic versions are similar. Therefore, Yishui in Guoyu can be regarded as the ancient name of Yazi river beside Sanxingdui site.

3、 Yangcheng

Both Bamboo Annals and Shiben have the saying of "Yangcheng, the capital of Yu". According to the pottery of "Yangcheng Cang ware" unearthed in Gaocheng town in the Warring States period, Yangcheng in Dayu period is the site of Wangchenggang. Wangchenggang site is the late Longshan culture. According to the system of historical records, the period from the late Longshan culture to the Warring States period spanned 1500 years, which is equivalent to saying that the culture of the northern and Southern Dynasties should rely on an object of the 21st century to verify its identity. Obviously, its credibility is very limited.

In the series of articles "deciphering the mystery of the Xia Dynasty Royal family's self claim from the perspective of historical linguistics", the author has explained that the Sanxingdui culture has distinct characteristics of sun worship, and the Xia royal family calls itself "the sun family", and explained the historical traces left by the Xia Royal family's self claim in its continued culture. It can be inferred that the name of Yangcheng should be the abbreviation of "the city of the sun", and its origin should be related to "the sun family".

4、 Auxiliary materials of Xiadu from the perspective of historical geography and historical linguistics

Sanxingdui site is the capital of Xia, which can be explained from many angles.

（1） From the perspective of geospatial

In the article "the legend of the Minshan earthquake in the late Xia Dynasty and the flood control by Dayu", the author has pointed out that the so-called yiluojie was caused by the collapse of the mausoleum caused by the Minshan earthquake, which blocked the flow of water. And after the collapse of the weir, the flood appeared, so Dayu began to control the flood. From the perspective of geographical space, the possibility of such natural disasters in Sanxingdui area is much greater than that in Erlitou area. Moreover, it is more credible to explain Dayu's flood control event in Minjiang River Basin.

（2） From the perspective of historical geography

The development of historical events and the activities of historical figures exist in a certain geographical space, but the ancient ethnic groups often migrate. Therefore, if we can capture the ethnic, historical, linguistic and geographical information contained in the place names in the historical research, we can provide more powerful support for the research conclusion. Now, let's elaborate on this.

a. Emperor Zhu moved to Laoqiu: the origin of the name "Chengdu"

After the destruction of Sanxingdui civilization, Jinsha culture rose in the western suburbs of Chengdu. Jinsha culture has a distinctive inheritance of Sanxingdui, which is well known by researchers engaged in Sanxingdui. In the decoding of Jinsha civilization, the author mentioned that the historical event of the rise of Jinsha civilization is called "Xia Qi Sha Yi" in Bamboo Annals and "Hou Zhu Fu Guo" in Zuozhuan.

According to Bamboo Annals, Emperor Zhu once took Laoqiu as his capital. If so, Laoqiu should refer to ancient Chengdu. So, does the name of Laoqiu have anything to do with the name of Chengdu?

According to archaeological materials, the name of "Chengdu" in Chinese characters first appeared in the Warring States period, while its earlier name was "Cheng". In 1985, Shen Zhongchang and Huang Jiaxiang jointly published "the origin of the name of Chengdu from the unearthed Warring States lacquer inscriptions" in Sichuan cultural relics, which was explained from the evolution sequence of lacquer inscriptions in the pre Qin period "Cheng Cheng Ting Cheng Shi Shu Jun Gong Guan".

As mentioned above, Laoqiu, the capital of Emperor Zhu, is pronounced in Yi language, which means "city". In ancient Chinese literature, there are many examples of Cheng and Cheng in common use, such as Zuo Zhuan, the father of Prince Qi in the 11th year of Wengong, Guanzi xiaokuang, lvshi Chunqiu Wugong, Lu Shijia and so on. Another example is "Ji Zi Cheng Yue" in the Analects of Confucius, Yan Yuan, and Liu Baonan's Justice: "Huang Ben's" Cheng "is" Cheng. " Therefore, considering the relationship between Jinsha culture and Sanxingdui culture, it is reasonable to infer that ancient Shu people used the word "Cheng" in Chinese to record their place of residence, which actually corresponds to the word "lo33 zi21".

b. The mystery of Luoni mountain, the origin of Yi Nationality

According to the ancient books of Yi people, such as flood, flood and dumi, and southwest Yi annals, the common ancestor of all branches of Yi people, apudumu, avoided the juloni mountain during the flood period. Luoni mountain is generally believed to be located in Zhaotong, Northeast Yunnan. According to the book of records of Dading Prefecture, Volume 47, the essence and end of an's family in Shuixi County:

There is a saying that those who wish the Ming Dynasty live in Tanglang mountain, and take cutting mountain passage as their career. For a long time, the road of Muba became open and gradually became a settlement, which was called "Luoyi" and "Luoyi mountain". The Yi people called the city "Ye" and the mountain "Bai", so it was called luoyebai.

Zhu Ming here, that is, Tu mu, means the king. Some scholars have translated the word "Luoyi" into Luoyi, Luoyi, Luoni, etc. its original language is lo33 zi21. In the legend of Taiyang family and Kaiming (next part), we have pointed out that Kunming people are closely related to Sanxingdui ancient people, which is the important source of the formation of today's Yi people, and the branches of Yi people all take Luoni mountain as their ancestral source. This shows that the word "Luoyi" in Dading Fu Zhi is in the same line with Luocheng in Guanghan and Cheng in Chengdu.

It should be noted that the present Zhaotong area was called "Zhuti" in ancient times, which coincides with the record that Du Yu married Zhuti and Liang's wife in Huayang annals. In addition, there is a special copper deposit with high radioactive lead in Zhaotong area and its surrounding areas. According to Professor Jin Zhengyao's research, this kind of special mineral was widely used in the early bronzes of Sanxingdui in Guanghan, dayangzhou in Xingan, Chengyang area in Hanzhong and Yinxu. These materials are undoubtedly worthy of the attention of the researchers of pre Qin history and national history.

c. The southward migration of the king of Shu and the "Luocheng" in the history of ancient Vietnam

After the Qin Dynasty destroyed Shu, one of the descendants of the king of Shu, Zeng went down to Jiaozhi (now in the north and south of Vietnam), and established the Shu Dynasty in the history of Vietnam. According to the literature, his king was called Shupan king of Anyang. Volume 37 of shuijingzhu quoted Jiaozhou Waiyu Ji as saying: when Jiaozhi had no County in the past, there were Luotian on the land. The land was raised and lowered from the tide, and the people cultivated and ate it, so it was named Luomin. Luowang and luohou were set up to govern all counties. Most of the counties are Luo generals, who are engraved with green ribbons. Later, the prince of Shu sent 30000 soldiers to beg for King Luo and Marquis Luo and serve them. The prince of Shu was called King Anyang because of his name.

In addition, Wu Shilian, a Vietnamese historian, said in the complete book of records of the great Yue: King Anyang, surnamed Shu, taboo pan, was born in Bashu. In 50 years of his reign, he sealed the river, and Luocheng is also a modern and ancient city. In the first year of Jiachen reign, in the 58th year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty, the king merged Wenlang state and changed its name to Ou raccoon dog state. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Wang repeatedly set up his army to attack xiongwang. The king was strong and brave, but he was defeated many times. The male king said to the king, "I have divine power. Shu is not afraid!" so he abandoned his military equipment instead of cultivating it. He needed wine and food for pleasure. When the Shu army approached, they were still intoxicated, but they vomited blood and fell into the well, and all of them came back to Shu. So the king built a city in Yueshang, which was as wide as a thousand feet and circled like a snail, so it was called Luocheng. Also known as Si Long City, people in Tang Dynasty called Kunlun City, the highest city.

In ancient Vietnam, Shu Dynasty called its capital "Luocheng", and the ancient sound of Luozi was quite similar to "Luo". In addition, from the perspective of archaeological culture, jade Zhang, jade yuan, jade Bi, jade Ge and other artifacts similar to Sanxingdui culture have been unearthed in Vietnam. As for the guanliu relationship between ancient Shu culture and Vietnamese culture, Zhang Hong, Peng Changlin, Lei Yu and other scholars have been involved.

In 1936, a gold seal was found in Thanh Hoa, northern Vietnam, with the inscription "King yisou of Jin Gui". These materials undoubtedly prove that the king of Shu moved to the south, and further prove that the name "Luocheng" in Guanghan, where Sanxingdui site is located, is very old.

5、 Summary

To sum up, the names of Luocheng in Guanghan, the site of Sanxingdui site, Cheng in Chengdu, Luoni mountain, the birthplace of Yi people and Luocheng, the capital of Shu Dynasty in Vietnam constitute a complete evidence chain. These materials fully show that the Sanxingdui site is the summer capital we are really looking for.

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Did the oracle bone inscriptions mention the Xia Dynasty? Does the Xia Dynasty really exist?

 It is very difficult to find some direct evidence for the existence of this problem in the Xia Dynasty. After all, the writing started from the oracle bone inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty. That is to say, if the Xia Dynasty existed, it did not have the written records at that time. So, if we look for it from the nearest oracle bone inscriptions, we can't find it in the oracle bone inscriptions that have been translated now Does the word Xia really mean that the Xia Dynasty does not exist? But why do many people still believe in the existence of the Xia Dynasty? How should we explain it?

Oracle bone inscriptions are characters engraved or written on the abdomen or back of tortoises and animal bones. The ancients are good at divination. Most of the oracle bone inscriptions discovered are the contents and results of divination by the rulers. The discovery point is the capital city of the ancient Shang Dynasty. Therefore, oracle bone inscriptions are also known as "Yin Ruins oracle inscriptions" or "oracle bone inscriptions". At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Wang Yirong was the first person in China to discover and confirm the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Dynasty. The oracle bone inscriptions discovered at that time were used as the "keel" of traditional Chinese medicine. However, according to records, Wang Yirong was not the first person to discover oracle bone inscriptions, but he was the first to confirm them.

By 2012, there are about 150000 pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the world, with 5000 characters and about 2000 characters cracked. Oracle bone inscriptions are the earliest systematic characters found in China. The preface of Guo Moruo's Yin qicui Bian once wrote: "the oracle inscriptions are based on the tortoise bones. The essence of the oracle inscriptions and the beauty of the characters fascinate our descendants for thousands of years. The style of writing varies from person to person and from world to world. In the age of Wuding, most of the characters are vigorous, while in the age of emperor B, the writing is salty and beautiful. And the density of the line, the structure of the word, the echo, in good order It is well known that the existing Qiwen is actually a generation of Dharma script, and the one who wrote the Qiwen is the Zhong of the Yin Dynasty, Wang Yanliu. "

Just as Rome wasn't built in a day, such mature characters can't appear suddenly. It can be inferred that there were dynasties before the Shang Dynasty.

This involves another problem: the existence of Xia Dynasty.

Many foreign historians exclude the Xia Dynasty and think it is a time of fabrication. Why? The main reason is that there is no clear written data. On the Xia Dynasty sites, there are stone tools and bronze horns, but there are no oracle bone inscriptions or other writing carriers. Moreover, although these sites are in accordance with the time of Xia Dynasty in historical documents, they are also very close to the Shang Dynasty sites, and some people think that they belong to the Shang Dynasty. And the unearthed oracle bone inscriptions have recorded almost every aspect of the Shang Dynasty, even the Shang Tang which destroyed the Xia Dynasty has many records, but there is no written information about the Xia Dynasty. The earliest records of Xia Dynasty appeared in Zhou Dynasty. Some historians believe that Zhou Dynasty invented the history of Xia Dynasty in order to deny the orthodoxy of Shang Dynasty.

I believe in the existence of the Xia Dynasty, not to mention the documentary evidence, single character, after all, the unearthed oracle bone inscriptions have been very mature. There are tens of thousands of Chinese characters. However, according to statistics, more than 1000 characters are enough to cover more than 90% of the text data in daily life, while more than 2000 characters have been cracked in oracle bone inscriptions. Before a dynasty with such mature writing, there must have been a dynasty with a little lack of writing.

The reason why the oracle bone inscriptions of the Xia Dynasty have not been found is probably because the excavation of the site is not enough and there is no time to see the light again. Or the text carrier is not something that can be preserved for a long time, such as tortoise shells or animal bones. Or maybe the characters at that time were relatively hieroglyphic and not systematic, just like the oracle bone inscriptions, which were used as medicinal materials at the first time, were unearthed but not interpreted as characters.

According to the history of that time, there were a large number of tribes and human gathering places in the Central Plains during the Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty had been conquering hostile countries for many times, and its strength was based on the annihilation of various forces around it by force. Xia, which was earlier than Shang Dynasty, was probably just a relatively large human settlement in the Central Plains. It was not particularly prominent, but in the period of Zhou's extermination of Shang Dynasty, in order to highlight the legitimacy of Zhou's extermination of Shang by force, Zhou elevated the status of Shang's extermination of Xia.

Another point is that Shang moved the capital many times. Judging from the level of productivity at that time, from the level of agriculture to the level of transportation, it did not have the conditions to support a large-scale city. Once there was a natural or man-made disaster, it could only move the capital. Xia records the loss of Taikang and the resurgence of Shaokang. It can be seen that Xia was not a country that could suppress the surrounding countries by force and was directly destroyed by the surrounding hostile forces It's in historical records.

What's more, how can we know that the name Xia was not given after the Zhou Dynasty, just as Yao, Shun and Yu were not their original names. If Xia was only the name after the Zhou Dynasty, there would be no record of Xia in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty. Further, it would be impossible to dig out fragments of pottery with Xia's name in Erlitou.

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There is another story behind Dayu's flood control!

 The story of Dayu's flood control has become a household name. Dayu is a flood control project. In the 13 years of flood control, he went through his family three times without entering. He successfully controlled the flood and made the people live and work in peace and contentment. Thanks to the flood control, Dayu was elected as the leader of the tribal alliance. Based on his foundation, Dayu's son Qi established the Xia Dynasty.

Up to now, we still have no very favorable evidence to prove the existence of the Xia Dynasty, but more and more archaeological excavations show that the Xia Dynasty exists, but we still need solid hammer evidence.

In fact, Dayu's flood control was not as simple as expected, because in the period of Yao and Shun, it was the era of tribal alliance, and there was no unified country. Various tribes or clans scattered in various parts of China, and the Yellow River flowed through a wide range of areas, which undoubtedly caused great difficulties for Dayu's flood control.

The reason why Dayu's father Gan failed in flood control was that he used the method of blocking. However, we can't blame the ancients for this, because in the face of a big flood, the common way he thought of was to build a dam to block the flood.

But the flood is different from the small stream. The flood is very destructive, so it can't be blocked only by blocking. The key is to dredge. This was put forward by Dayu when he summarized the reasons for his father's failure after he accepted the task of water control, but the method of dredging is still very difficult, which can be seen from Dayu's 13 years of water control.

Dayu's flood control mainly faces two problems. One is the huge amount of works. The other is that the Yellow River flows through a wide area, which is under the jurisdiction of different tribes. Therefore, if you want to control the water by dredging, you must obtain the consent of these tribes and the support of these tribes. Otherwise, you can only rely on the part of the people led by Dayu, It is very difficult to accomplish this arduous task.

In the process of flood control, Dayu's wife made great contributions. Dayu's wife was a Tushan woman, that is, a woman from the Tushan clan of Dongyi. In Huaiyuan County of Bengbu, Anhui Province, Dayu abandoned sleep and food, and he was still unmarried at the age of 30. This is not to say that in ancient times, even now he is married late. When he arrived near Anhui Province, he met the powerful Tushan clan. If he could unite with the Tushan clan, it would not only be good for water control, but also the evidence would be very helpful for the whole tribal alliance.

Maybe this is fate. When Dayu arrived here, he met nvjiao of Tushan family. They fell in love at first sight, so they got married. Dayu only lived at home for four days, and then went out to control the flood again. But the marriage between Dayu and nvjiao played an important role. Gaotao, who was a prison officer in the tribal alliance at that time, was a member of Tushan clan, and naturally became Dayu's wife Help.

It is because of the role played by Tu Shan's nvjiao that ordinary people gradually deify her, saying that she is a Nine Tailed white fox, which is still recorded in the book. There is no doubt about this statement. They are all figures and deeds of ancient times, which are recorded in Wu Yue Chun Qiu

When he arrived at Tushan, he was afraid that he would lose his degree at the end of the day. So he said, "I will marry you." There are nine white foxes built in Yu. Yu said: "the white, I also dress. The nine tails are the evidence of the king. Tu Shan's song says: "suisuisuibai fox, jiuweihe. My family is Jiayi, and the guests are king. I build a family and a family. In the time of heaven and man, you can do it here. " That's clear. Yu married a woman of Tushan clan, which was called nvjiao. Take Xin Ren GUI Jia, Yu Xing. In October, a girl gives birth to a son. Qi Sheng does not see his father, weeping day and night.

In fact, it's very easy to understand. Although Dayu met Nine Tailed white foxes in Tushan, Dayu thought that Nine Tailed white foxes were his destiny. Even Nine Tailed white foxes became the symbol of the "Nine Five", so they got married. After they got married, nvjiao left a son for Dayu, namely Qi.

The combination of Dayu and Tushan clan made Dayu very powerful. Although Dayu worked very hard to control the flood, and he never entered his family for three times, in the process of controlling the flood, Dayu traveled all over the mountains and rivers, and met many tribes, which laid a solid foundation for the later alliance. At the same time, due to Dayu's strong strength and the support of Tushan, the surrounding tribes were very weak After the death of Dayu, Qi had enough power to gain the throne.

According to these legends, there is a very coincidental plot, Qi's mother is Nine Tailed white fox, that is to say, Yu or Qi established the Xia Dynasty, Nine Tailed white fox has great credit, is the solid strength behind Dayu, it can be said that the Xia Dynasty flourished because of the Nine Tailed Fox.

Shang Tang destroyed Xia and established Shang Dynasty. For Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty was the enemy, which is a coincidence. In mythology and legend, the fall of Shang Dynasty was completely because King Zhou favored a woman named sudaji, who was possessed by Nine Tailed Fox. It can be said that Nine Tailed Fox avenged Xia Dynasty.

Of course, all of the above are mythical coincidences. At least we can't prove the existence of the Nine Tailed Fox at present, but Tu Shan's help to Dayu is real.

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Did Xia Dynasty perish from natural disaster or man-made disaster? Why did an earthquake destroy Xia Dynasty?

As we all know, the first dynasty recorded in the official history of our country is the Xia Dynasty, about 2070 BC. Dayu, who made great contributions to the common people in the world, gained the position of tribal leader. After his death, his son Xia Qi took over the position of leader, and the family replaced the abdication system, so the Xia Dynasty was established.

If you count Dayu, the Xia Dynasty has passed on for 14 generations and experienced 17 kings. It has existed for 471 years, or 432 years. No matter how many years it existed, in short, when the last king of Xia Dynasty was Jie, the Xia Dynasty was subjugated and replaced by the powerful Shang Dynasty.

On the subjugation of Xia Dynasty. According to historical records, during the reign of King Jie of Xia, he was extravagant, spoiled his sister, ignored the government, abused the people's power, engaged in large-scale construction, did not regard the people as people, and frequently attacked the surrounding countries. "Jie didn't care about morality, but he hurt the common people. The common people were very sad." the Bamboo Annals says, "Jie built Qing palace, decorated Yaotai, made qiongshi and produced Yumen."

In the end, not only the tribal countries also hated Jie, but people also rose up and resisted one after another. Just when the Xia Dynasty was in danger, Xia Jie said: "there is a sun in the sky, just like I rule all the people. Is there a time when the sun will perish? I will perish when the sun perishes!"

As a result, people responded, "sun, when you will perish, I will perish with you." We can imagine how much we hate Xia Wang Jie. In a word, the Xia Dynasty died in the hands of this tyrant.

Of course, this argument is not unreasonable. To a certain extent, the decline of the country has something to do with the king. However, the rise and fall of the country depends on the monarch. A wise monarch makes the country prosperous, and the decline of the country must be due to the monarch's fatuity or brutality. This view of history obviously ignores the external factors, science and technology, the environment, the comprehensive national strength of the country, the operation mode of the regime and other factors.

In fact, the fall of Xia Dynasty was a combination of many factors. The tyranny of Xia Wang Jie was only a factor, in addition, the political system and mode was a factor. The Xia Dynasty is not a dynasty in a strict sense. It is a kind of alliance, and the control of the central government over the other country is very weak. After Fang was powerful, he could rise up at any time to overthrow the Xia Dynasty, and Shang was an example.

Of course, the Xia Dynasty's subjugation has a point that we can easily ignore, that is, natural disasters and environment. According to the historical records of Bamboo Annals, in about 1572 BC, in the tenth year of the reign of King Jie of Xia Dynasty, a rare astronomical phenomenon appeared in East Asia, which was recorded as "five stars staggered, in the night, meteorites such as rain, earthquake, yiluojie.".

For this matter, "the emperor's century" also recorded: "Jie licentious, disaster and see, two days fight shot, photo to move place, five stars wrong line, yiluojie, comet out, ghost cry in the country, Tang cut." "Lu Shi" notes: "the" sun and moon five star map "cloud, Jie last year, two days and fight, five stars crisscross, waste arrow flow, fire god see."

All kinds of signs show that one night in the 10th year of Xia Wang Jie, five planets appeared in the sky at the same time. This astronomical phenomenon is also known as "five stars in a row". Five star beads are not very rare. They appear about once every ten years. Meteorites, such as meteor shower, are not very rare. They also occur every ten or several decades.

However, it is rare that five-star continuous beads and meteor shower appear at the same time, which is the key. What is more important is that there was an earthquake at the same time, "earthquake, yiluojie". According to the present science, it can be inferred that the probability of earthquake in that year is very high. Because since 110000 years ago, there are many active periods in more than 300 paleoseismic data. One of them is the Xia Dynasty, which is also an active period. The Xia Dynasty is composed of 24 ancient earthquakes, distributed in the range of 212 years around 1766 BC.

Therefore, the probability of earthquake was very high, and it was precisely because of the earthquake that the Xia Dynasty was subjugated. It is clearly recorded in Guoyu zhouyu that xiyiluo was exhausted and Xia died.

Now let's sort it out briefly, which means that in the tenth year of the reign of King Jie of Xia, there was an astronomical spectacle of five stars in the sky and a meteor shower. At the same time, there was an earthquake, which led to the exhaustion of the river water, and then the Xia Dynasty was subjugated.

Well, the problem is that the Xia Dynasty was subjugated by the earthquake. In fact, we are very clear about the destructive power of the earthquake. The earthquake in that year probably destroyed the distribution of groundwater, and caused a large number of wells in Luoyang basin to dry up, followed by drought, no grain harvest and serious water shortage in Wangji of Xia Dynasty.

The logic is very simple: the earthquake changed the distribution of groundwater, led to the depletion of river water, and then caused serious drought and no harvest in the Xia Dynasty. In the end, the rich and powerful Xia kingdom was shocked almost overnight.

Of course, the earthquake can not cause nationwide damage, and other parts of the Xia kingdom can allocate food aid, rivers outside the Luoyang basin can also provide water, and heaven will send rain as usual to alleviate the famine in the Xia kingdom.

But it is a fact that the power of Xia kingdom was greatly weakened by this disaster. According to historical records, in the second year after the disaster, Fang state, which was dissatisfied with the Xia Dynasty, began a large-scale rebellion. Even the state-owned family of in laws of the Xia Dynasty also rebelled against the Xia Dynasty. What's more, there are more dissatisfied Oriental barbarians.

Xia Wang Jie was busy dealing with the rebellious Fangguo and the earthquake relief at the same time. Just when the Xia Dynasty was exhausted and unable to take care of it, the powerful merchants began to expand.

In the 15th year of King Jie of Xia Dynasty, the newly ascended King Dayi of Shang (the son of Shigui and the grandson of Shenren of Shang) led the Shang troops in Heji plain to cross Jishui from DiQiu and occupied the eastern border of Xia Kingdom territory, which is now Qi county of Kaifeng City, Henan Province. Then it began to encroach on the Xia Dynasty, and finally it came to the hands of the fourteenth generation sun Shangtang of Qi, who completed the destruction of Xia Dynasty and the establishment of Shang Dynasty.

Three thousand years ago, after a meteor shower, a country died. It was more a man-made disaster than a natural disaster

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