Xu Niang is not old: legendary woman in her early 40s

If you try to feel her, she is not like Zhao Feiyan, Yang Yuhuan and Wang Zhaojun. She seems to have a fixed image. After watching someone play, she will feel like it or not for the first time. Chen Yuanyuan, she is impossible to capture, all the actors are very gentle, very beautiful, but it always makes people feel that it is not the same thing.

Xia Ji

On the Internet, there are people who often bask in beautiful men and women in ancient clothes. My friends strongly recommend "Luoshen" starring Tsai Shaofen, lamenting that Zhen Mi's life is full of ups and downs, and the peach blossoms are flowing in troubled times. I think that although Mrs. Zhen lived in troubled times, she only married twice. After she married Cao Pi, although she came to a miserable end, she also lived a relatively peaceful and stable life for a long time. She was not a peach blossom in troubled times.

If you want to be a peach blossom in troubled times, you need to be gorgeous, and you need to go through many twists and turns. The most important thing is that in troubled times, you can also bloom without any loss of color. If so, I'm afraid Chen Yuanyuan of Qinhuai Bayan will be on the list.

Wu Meicun's "red crown" makes the story of Chen Yuanyuan and Wu Sangui a household name. In countless movies and TV plays, this beautiful woman is mysterious and charming - she is gorgeous in the golden Qinhuai, and has been around the aristocratic family for several times. Let the talented man venture to open up the frontier, and think about this, and make the brave general Wu Sangui surrender to the Qing army. He entered Chongzhen emperor's back palace, passed Li Chuang King's Dashun, and settled in Pingxi King's other courtyard. It seems that the late Ming Dynasty did not let Chen Yuanyuan touch a little bloody gas. When you think of her, there will be the colorful lights along the Qinhuai River and the orchestras of the pavilions.

If you try to feel her, she is not like Zhao Feiyan, Yang Yuhuan and Wang Zhaojun. She seems to have a fixed image. After watching someone play, she will feel like it or not for the first time. Chen Yuanyuan, she is impossible to capture, all the actors are very gentle, very beautiful, but it always makes people feel that it is not the same thing. Perhaps only Mao Bijiang's description of her can make people feel her mood a little: "women's posture is the most important, followed by color, and it's hard to choose between them because they are full of temples. They are smart, elegant, natural, and have only round ears."

Xia Ji, another peach blossom in troubled times, is recorded only in one historical event after another, accompanied by the death of one man after another and the decline of one country or family after another. In those ancient books, her face is vague, and there is almost no description of her appearance and temperament, but what comes to her is a strong and intense lust for flesh. If Chen Yuanyuan is Suzhou Jasmine in May and June, then she is an immortal poppy.

Xia Ji, Princess of Zheng State in the spring and Autumn period. He married Ziman first, and Ziman died, and then he married Xia Yushu, a doctor of the state of Chen. He gave birth to Xia Zhengshu, who died early. Xia Ji, a widowed woman, had an intimate relationship with Chen linggong, Minister Kong Ning and Yi Xingfu. His son Zhengshu angrily shot linggong to death and made himself king. Kong Ning and Yi Xingfu fled to Chu. The state of Chu sent troops to beg Chen, and Xia Zhengshu captured Xia Ji. The king of Chu Zhuang, his minister Zifan and his sorcerer were all attracted by them. The sorcerer used his tricks to stop their desire. Finally, she was given to old Lian Yinxiang. The next year, old Lian Yinxiang died in battle, and her son Hei wanted to take over Xia Ji. However, Wuchen did not forget her. First, he designed to let Xiaji return to Zheng's mother's home. Seven years later, Wuchen sent an envoy to Qi to Zheng and fled to Jin with Xiaji. The sorcerer paid a heavy price for this - his rival Zifan killed the whole sorcerer family. When the witch minister was in pain, he vowed to let the state of Chu be "exhausted". So he helped Wu become strong and harassed the state of Chu. From then on, the state of Chu was declining. And Xia Ji, finally, will die together with Wu Chen.

Xia Ji's beauty lasts for a long time. It seems that every man who sees her is infatuated with her. It has nothing to do with her age. When the king of Chu Zhuang saw her, she was already in her early 40s, and when the witch minister married her, she should have been about 50. It has nothing to do with the virtuous and stupid. Her courtiers are not only the shameless three kings of Chen, but also the virtuous king of Chu Zhuang Deep and affectionate. This can not help but cause countless conjectures and reveries of later generations, "beauty is like flowers separated from the clouds", about her demeanor, not a word, do romantic. As a result, in Zhulin unofficial history, Xia Ji met a stranger when she was a child and taught fangzhongshu, which made her face prosperous and charming. People try to give the story of Xia Ji rationality.

Even so, Xia Ji doesn't seem to be a real person. In this series of events, she never mentioned her joys and sorrows. Even when her son Xia Zhengshu was cracked by a car, there was no mention of her reaction in history books.

Compared with the above two, the experience of Xiao, the empress of Sui Yang emperor, is not inferior. She has been the empress of Sui Dynasty for more than 20 years. After the fall of the country, she was occupied by yuwenhuaji, Dou Jiande, Turk chuluo Khan and Jieli Khan, and finally died in Li Shimin's Tang Palace.

Empress Xiao is gentle, charming and intelligent, while Yang Guang is wild and indulgent. Instead of being jealous, she enjoys with many beauties. Dou Jiande's wife, Cao Shi, is jealous and humiliates her, so she makes a humble response. In the Tang Palace, she has a banquet with Li Shimin, which shows her calm response. At the banquet, Li Shimin asked Xiao how the scene was better than that of the Sui palace? The lights and candles in the Tang Palace can't be compared with that of the Sui Yang emperor, who used the big pearl to light the scene. However, Xiao replied calmly, "Your Majesty is the king who has established a foundation. Why should you compare with the king who has perished?" In a word, it not only takes Li Shimin's dignity into consideration, but also indirectly flatters Li Shimin. How can people not be upset?

At the time of Xiao's birth, Yuan Tiangang's hexagrams gave her the best annotation of her life: "mother is in the world, life brings peach blossom."

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Bai Qi: the most brilliant general in Chinese history

 The most brilliant general in Chinese history and the most prominent general in the Warring States period has been on the battlefield for more than 30 years. The army of the six countries shuddered at the news that he was the one who led the troops to fight.

There is an exact record in the history books: all countries dare not fight Qin, and a note is added at the end, because Qin people have such a general! It is rare in the history of war that a general has reached such a stage. He made great contributions to the great cause of Qin's unification. His achievements created the highest actual combat model of Chinese military science --- God of war --- Wu'an Jun Baiqi!

White rise

In his life, Bai Qi led countless wars and annihilated more than one million troops of six countries. It's a miracle that in those days of war, he never lost a battle in his life (all kinds of historical data show that he never lost a battle once) and often won more with less. He is not only a superb tactician, but also a brilliant strategist. The scale of the war under his command is so large, and the cruelty of the battle is so cruel that few people in the future can compare with him!

What is spring and autumn? War, politics and other state affairs all take place in spring and autumn! Baiqi raided Hanoi in winter, setting a precedent for winter war. It was the first time in Chinese military history to use infantry to attack cities on a large scale. Bai Qi commanded the battle of Changping and annihilated the Zhao army. The battle of Changping is not only a key battle for China's reunification and rewriting history, but also the most cruel and heroic major battle in the world's military history. It is also the earliest and most thorough encirclement and annihilation war in Chinese history. Its scale and achievements are rare in the history of World War. It is a precedent for China to encircle and annihilate on a large scale.

The battle of Changping was a war of life and death between the two countries. The scale of the war at that time was very rare in the history of ancient war. In the Warring States period, it was the largest war, that is, the troops mobilized by the Qin and Zhao countries. From the historical records, it should have been about 1 million. At that time, more than 2000 years ago, it was a very terrible statistic, more than 1 million.

Therefore, no one can afford to lose the war, including Qiang Qin. In fact, in the late Warring States period, it was a war to decide who was going to unify China. In this war, Bai Qi once again played the leading role and No.1 man.

In the war years of that time, Bai Qi fought a war of annihilation. He wiped out the enemy's living forces. He always adhered to this principle, which was the most efficient principle at that time. Because we must not forget that in the Warring States period, when the population was small and the recovery was slow, human resources were more valuable than land resources. At that time, wars broke out every year, and all the princes were fighting. If you captured a large number of soldiers in a war, well, the war is over, and you let them go. After he returned to his country, they will still be soldiers in the next war. The war will always go on, and the war will be fought one after another Go down.

If the battle of Changping was not fought, the 450000 Zhao troops would turn back to be a big army, and the Qin troops would be beaten in vain. White for the country - kill!

One hundred years later, Xiang Yu also killed 300000 Qin soldiers. Why do people treat Bai Qi as a murderer and sympathize with Xiang Yu? Is it just because he is more infatuated than Bai Qi?

The battle of Changping is a great feat in Chinese military history and even diplomatic history, but it was the state of Qin who pursued the rule of law (rule of law), which was despised by the later Confucian literature and history!

To sum up, we can't blindly incline our feelings to the defeated Zhao state because we feel that the good generals of Li Mu's generation have not come to a good end, and we can't insult and distort the Qin State because we don't leave any soldiers in every war.

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King Zhuang of Chu

King Zhuang of Chu (?-591 BC) the monarch of Chu in the spring and Autumn period. Yingdu (Jiangling Ji Nancheng), son of King Mu of Chu, reigned from 613 BC to 591 BC. One of the five tyrants in the spring and Autumn period. It is also known as king Jingzhuang, surnamed MI, surnamed Xiong, surnamed Lu, and named Lu. According to the aristocratic rites of the pre Qin period, men use surnames instead of surnames, so Xiong Lu is not named Mi Lu. During his reign, he attached great importance to the selection of talents and was assisted by Wu Ju, Su Cong, sun shuao, Zi Zhong and other talented generals. In the early years of King Zhuang, there was an aristocratic riot in the state of Chu, and the neighboring people also took the opportunity to harass them. King Zhuang calmed down the chaos and made some reforms in the internal affairs, with clear rewards and punishments, harmonious officials, people living and working in peace and contentment, and growing national strength, which laid the foundation for his hegemony.

King Zhuang of Chu

In 611 BC, King Zhuang of Chu conquered the state of Yong. In 606 B.C., King Zhuang defeated Lu Hun's Army (now Yichuan, Henan Province), and Chen Bing won the title in the suburbs of Zhou Dynasty to show his intention of swallowing Zhou Dynasty. Then he broke through Chen Wei and Zheng. When Jin sent troops to save Zheng, the two armies fought in Ying (now North of Zhengzhou, Henan Province), and Jin army lost. Since then, Lu, Zheng, Chen, song and other Central Plains countries have been attached to Chu, Chu Zhuang king then dominated the Central Plains.

King Zhuang of Chu dominates the Central Plains, which not only makes Chu powerful and famous, but also plays an important role in the unification of China and the formation of national spirit.

In 591 BC, King Zhuang of Chu died of illness and was buried in the suburb of Ji Nan. In the northwest of Jiangling City, there are the tombs of the king of Chu and the imperial concubine fan.

Shortly after the defeat of the state of Chu in Chengpu to the state of Jin, King Cheng of Chu was killed by his son Shang Chen. The Minister of Shang became the king. It was King Mu of Chu. King Mu of Chu was not reconciled to the failure, so he paid close attention to training his troops and vowed to fight against Jin. He first merged several small countries nearby, and then pulled Chen, Zheng and other countries in the Central Plains to the past. In the sixth year of King zhouqing (613 BC), King Mu of Chu was about to be ambitious and angry when he suddenly fell ill and died. His son Lu ascended the throne and was the famous King of Chu Zhuang.

When the state of Jin saw that the state of Chu was busy with funerals, the state of Jin reunited with the princes and made an alliance, and then brought the states of Chen and Zheng back to their sphere of influence. This time, the ministers of Chu state were all in a hurry to fight with Jin State. However, King Zhuang of Chu remained indifferent. For nearly three years since he ascended the throne, he has been hunting and drinking all day, neglecting political affairs. He has also put up a big sign at the gate of the palace, which says: "those who admonish will not be forgiven for killing!" On this day, Doctor Wu Ju (Shen Wuwei) came to see the king of Chu. King Zhuang of Chu, with a wine cup in his hand and deer meat in his mouth, was drunk watching the song and dance. He narrowed his eyes and asked, "do you want to drink, or do you want to watch song and dance?" Wu Ju said: "someone asked me to guess a riddle, but I can't guess it. I'm here to ask you for advice." While drinking, King Zhuang of Chu asked, "what riddle is so hard to guess? Tell me about it Wu Ju said: "the riddle is" there are big birds in Chu capital. They live in the court hall for three years. They neither sing nor fly. It's hard to understand. What's the reason? " Please guess, it's neither singing nor flying. What kind of bird is this King Zhuang of Chu understood Wu Ju's meaning and said with a smile, "I guess. It's not an ordinary bird. This bird, if it doesn't fly for three years, it will soar to the sky; if it doesn't sing for three years, it will make a big splash. You'll see. " Wu Ju understood the meaning of King Zhuang of Chu and withdrew happily.

After a few months, the big bird of King Zhuang of Chu remained the same, neither "singing" nor "flying", hunting as usual. Drink and enjoy singing and dancing. Doctor Su never could bear it, so he came to see King Zhuang. When he entered the palace, he burst into tears. King Zhuang of Chu said, "sir. Why is it so sad? " Su Cong replied, "I'm sad that I'm going to die. He is also sad that the state of Chu will soon perish. " King Zhuang of Chu was surprised and asked, "how can you die? How could Chu perish? " Su Cong said, "I want to advise you that if you don't listen to me, you must kill me. You watch songs and dances all day, play hunting, regardless of the government, is not the demise of Chu in front of you After hearing this, King Zhuang of Chu angrily rebuked Su Cong: "do you want to die? I have already said that I will kill whoever comes to advise. It's stupid of you to make a mistake now Su Cong said bitterly, "I am stupid, but you are more stupid than me. If you kill me, I will have a good reputation as a loyal minister after I die. If you go on like this, the state of Chu will perish sooner or later. You will be the king of subjugation. Aren't you more stupid than me? That's all I have to say. You can kill me if you want. " King Zhuang of Chu suddenly stood up. He said passionately, "the doctor's words are all loyal advice. I will do as you say." Immediately, he ordered the dissolution of the band, sent the dancers, determined to do a lot of business. King Zhuang of Chu first straightened out his internal affairs and employed talented people to promote Wu Ju and Su to key positions. At that time, Yin Dou, the commander of the state of Chu, was ambitious and wanted to usurp the throne. King Zhuang of Chu appointed three ministers to share the work of Ling Yin, which weakened his power and prevented Dou Yuejiao from making trouble.

On the one hand, King Zhuang of Chu reformed politics, on the other hand, he expanded the army, strengthened the training of soldiers, and prepared for a decisive battle with the state of Jin and the battle of Pucheng. In the third year of his accession to the throne, he led his troops to destroy the state of Yong (now Zhushan County in Hubei); in the sixth year, he defeated the state of song; in the eighth year, he defeated the Rong people in Luhun (now the northern part of Song County in Henan). Meanwhile, the story of "questioning the Central Plains" took place. The power and power of Chu were greatly boosted, but it was unexpected that there was a rebellion in Chu.

In the second year of King Ding of Zhou Dynasty (605 BC), King Zhuang of Chu attacked the Rong people of Luhun. On the way back to China, he suddenly found a group of people blocking the way. In the absence of King Zhuang of Chu, dou Yuejiao rebelled. He occupied the capital of Ying, and quickly sent troops to stop the king of Chu Zhuang, trying to destroy the king of Chu Zhuang outside Ying City. The king of Chuzhuang was at ease when he saw Yuejiao fighting. His soldiers had just returned home from the war and were very tired. Knowing that it was against him to fight hard, he said, "the Doushi family has made great contributions to the state of Chu. They would rather make Yuejiao lose me than Yuejiao." He sent Su Cong to make peace. Dou Yuejiao thought that the king of Chu Zhuang was already in his bag. When he reached for him, where would he stop? He said to Su Cong, "go back and tell xionglu (the name of the king of Chu Zhuang) that you have the courage to fight to the death, or you will surrender as soon as possible!" the king of Chu Zhuang pretended to retreat and arrived at night. However, they ambushed their troops on the East Bank of zhangshui River, sent a group of soldiers to move on the bank, lured Dou Yuejiao to cross the river, and led a few soldiers to hide under the bridge. The next morning, dou Yuejiao saw Chu soldiers on the other side of the river. As expected, they chased across the river. To be found in the plot, want to retreat back, the bridge has been demolished. Dou Yuejiao was terrified and ordered the soldiers to wade across the river. When the soldiers were about to enter the water, they saw a member of the Chu general on the other side yelling: "general Le Bo is here, fight Yue Jiao and surrender quickly!" after that, they ordered the soldiers to shoot hard. Douyuejiao also urgently ordered the soldiers to shoot arrows on the other side. In the confrontation between the two sides. Le Bo's Archer Yang Youji killed Dou Yuejiao with an arrow. Seeing that the general was killed, the fighters fled everywhere. The Chu army divided its forces to pursue the enemy and won a great victory. King Zhuang has won all the victories. He orders his head to be beheaded in front of the army. Kaige also decapitated the Dou clan in Yingdu, regardless of size. Only the son of Douban, named kehuang, was an official worshipper. At that time, King Zhuang sent envoys to Qi and Qin. Doukehuang sent an envoy to Qi and returned to the state of song. When he heard about Yuejiao's disturbance, he told him: "you can't go in!" Ke Huang said, "you are just like heaven. Can heaven disobey you?" He ordered the troops to rush into Yingdu. When they had recovered their orders, they turned themselves in to Sikou and said, "my grandfather and son Wen once said," if there is a contradiction in Yuejiao, you will destroy the clan. " On his deathbed he told my father to escape from other countries. My father inherited the kindness of Chu from generation to generation. He didn't have the heart to go to other countries and was killed by Yue Jiao. Now my grandfather's words have come true! Now that he has unfortunately become a rebellious member of the clan and has unfortunately violated the lessons of his ancestors, it is right to die. How dare he escape punishment? " After hearing this, King Zhuang sighed and said, "Ziwen is really a man of God. What's more, he has made great contributions to governing the state of Chu. How can he have the heart to let him die? " So he pardoned Ke Huang's punishment and said, "Ke Huang does not escape the death penalty. He is a loyal minister." He was ordered to resume his official post and was renamed Dou Sheng, saying that he should live from death.

After years of careful preparation, King Zhuang of Chu decided to move his army northward to fight for hegemony with Jin. In the ninth year of King Ding of Zhou Dynasty (598 BC), King Zhuang of Chu took advantage of the chaos in Chen and sent troops to subdue Chen. The next year, King Zhuang of Chu led the army to attack Zheng. Chen and Zheng were all protectors of Jin. Chu's sending troops to Chen and Zheng challenged Jin and did not recognize Jin's hegemony.

The state of Jin is not willing to be outdone. In the summer of that year, Duke Jing of Jin ordered Xun Lin's father to be a general, and Xiangu, the grandson of Xianfu, to be an assistant general, commanding 600 chariots to rescue Zheng. A large group of people came to the edge of the Yellow River. Spies came to report that Zheng had surrendered and Chu was withdrawing. Xunlin's father was not willing to fight when he came. After hearing the news, he immediately decided to withdraw. Xiangu was determined not to. He cried out: "it's a shame to retreat from the enemy! If you are afraid of Chu army, I will go alone! " Xiangu had made great contributions to the construction of his ancestors, and he was also the son of the general. He didn't pay any attention to xunlin's father at all. Then he led his troops across the Yellow River to catch up with the Chu army. Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo (both the sons of Zhao Shuai and the younger brother of Zhao Dun, the former ruler of the state) also felt that their father and brother had made great contributions, so they did not listen to xunlin's father's orders and took the team to cross the river with Xiangu. Xun Linfu had no choice but to order the whole army to cross the river. Xiangu said to Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo triumphantly, "I knew the general had to listen to us!" when King Zhuang of Chu heard that Jin soldiers had crossed the Yellow River, he called the generals to discuss countermeasures. Sun shuao, Lingyin, advocated that the Jin army should make peace and then withdraw its troops. However, a group of young officers and men all advocated fighting, which made King Zhuang of Chu uncertain for a moment. A little minister named Wu Shen said: "the chief General of Jin army, xunlin Fu, has just been in charge of military power, but he still has no prestige. The deputy general, Xiangu, relies on the credit of his father's generation. Although the generals of the three armed forces want to take the initiative, they have no power to make decisions. The soldiers don't know who to listen to. The Jin army is not united, so it has little combat effectiveness. In the face of such an enemy, but not to attack it, I'm afraid it's harmful to the dignity of the state of Chu? " After listening to Wu Shen's analysis, King Zhuang of Chu ordered Chu's troops to set up their positions and turn their chariots to the north, ready to fight. When sun shuao saw that there were 600 chariots coming from the Jin army with strong military strength, he was always worried. He and King Zhuang of Chu said, "I think it's better to send someone to negotiate peace first. If they don't want to fight, it's not too late for us to fight again. By that time, the reason will be on our side. " King Zhuang of Chu agreed to this proposal and sent Cai Jiuju to the Jin army. Xunlin's father made Cai Jiuju welcome, agreed to negotiate peace, and suggested that both sides withdraw at the same time. Cai Jiuju finished his task and was ready to return to Chu camp. But Xiangu was waiting outside the tent. He saw Cai Jiuju come out of the tent. He stopped and said, "the person who received you just now has not made it clear. Go back and tell your king: we will not kill you when we come back. Vow not to stop the army! Even if our Lord general wishes to make peace, I will not agree with Xiangu! "Cai Jiuju was very angry and did not pay attention to Xiangu, so he continued to go out. When I got to the gate of the barracks, I met Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo. The two men pointed a bow at Cai Jiuju's head and said, "watch your head! Go back and tell you that barbarian head, be careful to touch our hands! "

Cai Jiuju returned to Chu camp. He told King Zhuang of Chu about his insults. The king of Zhuang was very angry and said, "who dares to rush into the battle? Let the Jin army have a look!" General Le Bo came forward. Jump into the chariot and run to the Jin army camp. Not far away, he ran into ten jin soldiers on patrol. Lebo didn't say a word. He shot one arrow at a time, shot down three in succession, and got off to catch one alive. Then he jumped into the chariot. Go back. The Jin army saw that there were Chu generals killing people, and they pursued them in three ways. Le Bo yelled: "Jin Jun, be careful. I shoot people on the left and horses on the right. Shoot the arrow With that, he shot a left arrow and a right arrow. Sure enough, the left side shot down three or four people, and the right side shot three or four horses, which made Jin soldiers dare not chase any more, and watched Lebo return to Chu army camp. Seeing that Chu soldiers came to challenge him, Xun Lin's father quickly sent Wei Kai to negotiate peace. Wei Yi is the son of Wei Yi who fled with Chonger, Duke Wen of Jin Dynasty. Wei Kai wanted to be a doctor, but he didn't succeed. He was always dissatisfied and wanted to be defeated by the Jin army. Xunlin's father was punished, and he was easy to take. Xunlin's father ordered him to talk about peace. He went back to the Warring States and said to xunlin's father, "the king of Chu doesn't agree to talk about peace. It's a fight. " Jin General Zhao Zhan thinks he is strong and always wants to show his hand to the general. In the evening, he took advantage of the night to lead the troops to attack the Chu camp, and was accidentally discovered by the Chu soldiers. Chu soldiers issued a loud alarm. He got on the bus and ran. After the king of Chu Zhuang found out the situation, he drove to catch up. The generals of Chu army, seeing that the king of Zhuang came out in person, followed up one after another. Sun shuao and King Zhuang said, "the art of war says," I'd rather chase people than let them chase me. " The soldiers of Jin Dynasty deceived people too much! Since all the generals followed, why don't we take advantage of it and rush to kill them! "At this time, before dawn, King Zhuang of Chu ordered to attack. At that moment, the drums sounded like thunder, and the chariots sped. The soldiers of Chu army rushed to the barracks of Jin State. The soldiers of Jin army are sleeping soundly. There was no preparation at all; Xun Lin's father heard the sound of drums and ordered to resist. The soldiers and horses of the two countries fought in the suburbs of Yingcheng (zhengdi, now east of Zhengzhou, Henan Province). The soldiers of Jin Dynasty woke up from their dreams in disorder. The lineup is not complete, the command is out of order, and the resistance is weak. However, the Chu army had a high fighting spirit and fought back and forth. It was like entering a no man's land. It didn't take long to defeat the Jin army. Xun Lin's father led the defeated general and ran away in a panic. The first grain came up from behind. He was hit by an arrow on his head and his face was covered with blood. Xun Lin's father said angrily, "did the fierce general end up like this?" Just as he was talking, the remnant soldiers of the state of Jin came up with him. Xunlin's father ordered him to cross the river quickly. But there are few boats and many people. You fight for me and trample on yourself. The boat was full of people, but later people held on and pushed the boat over a lot. Xiangu stood at the bow of the boat and cried, "who will hold on to the boat and chop his hand with a knife?" So the soldiers who got on the boat raised their knives and cut the soldiers who were climbing the boat. I saw the knife rise and fall. It's terrible. The soldiers who lost their hands fell into the river and were washed away by the water, which made the river red. King Zhuang of Chu led Chu soldiers into Hancheng. Some people advised him to take advantage of the victory. King Zhuang of Chu said: "since the battle of Chengpu was lost to the Jin army, the state of Chu did not dare to fight with the state of Jin. This victory is enough to wash away shame. The state of Jin and the state of Chu are both big countries. Sooner or later, they have to make peace. Why kill more people? "So they ordered the Chu army to stop chasing and let the Jin soldiers cross the river to return home. At the end of the Third World War, King Zhuang of Chu, who was famous at the end of the third year, finally made a great success. Later, King Zhuang of Chu successively made Lu, song, Zheng, Chen and other countries submit to the rule. He became the overlord after Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, and Duke mu of Qin. He ruled the state of Chu for 23 years, which made the state of Chu strong for a time.

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The second successor of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: Zhou Huan and Wang Jilin

Jilin, king of zhouhuan, was the son of jixiefu and the grandson of Zhouping. When King Ping died, the crown prince, Ji Hu Zheng, was taken hostage in the state of Zheng. Zheng Bohe and Duke Zhou Heijian welcomed Ji Hu back to the throne. Ji Hu was too sad all the way and died after returning to the court. Ji Lin was supported by Uncle Zheng and uncle Zhou as the son of heaven.

During Ji Lin's reign, because of Zheng Bo's support, he granted Wen (now southwest of Wen County, Henan Province), which is located on the North Bank of the Yellow River and south of the river, to the state of Zheng.

In the past, when the princes died, their sons had to go to the capital city to accept the canonization of the emperor of Zhou to obtain their legal status after their succession and funeral. In 712 B.C., Duke Huan of Lu murdered his elder brother Yin Gong and made himself king instead of asking for canonization. From then on, the system of conferring princes by the emperor was destroyed. In 706 BC, the state of Chu forced the king of suiguo to raise the rank of the state of Chu. King Huan refused. Xiong Tong, the king of the state of Chu, raised his rank and called himself King Wu of Chu after scolding Ji Lin. Kylin was angry and ashamed when he received the report, but he had no choice.

After Ji Lin succeeded to the throne, Zheng zhuanggong continued to exercise power as a minister in the imperial court. Ji Lin was not willing to be controlled by him, so he drove out Zheng zhuanggong. After returning to China, Zheng zhuanggong made trouble, disturbed the peace of Zhou, and the relationship between the two sides became more and more tense. Before long, Zheng zhuanggong sent troops to attack the state of song under the command of the emperor. Ji Lin was so angry that he simply removed his title as Qing Shi. Zheng zhuanggong didn't show weakness either. He didn't go to Luoyi court for five years and said he didn't pay attention to Ji Lin. Ji Lin couldn't bear it. Regardless of the dissuasion, he led the army to fight against Zheng Zhuang Gong. Zheng zhuanggong also set up his troops to fight.

The two armies met in Changge (now the northeast of Changge County, Henan Province). Ji Lin was eager to win and sent someone to scold and challenge. Zheng zhuanggong, on the other hand, put his position in order. In the afternoon, Zhou Jun yelled and scolded, but Zheng Jun didn't go to war. They were all tired and relaxed. Zheng zhuanggong took the opportunity to wave the flag and challenge the drum. Zhou Jun was caught off guard and was killed. Kylin had to retreat and cut himself off. General Zhu Zhen of Zheng State saw it from afar and shot Ji Lin on the left shoulder with an arrow. Thanks to his strong armor, he was not seriously injured. Seeing that Zheng Zhuang Gong has already taught Ji Lin a lesson, he is afraid that his subordinates will kill him. He takes Ji Lin's life and makes himself suffer a loss in public corruption. He quickly calls for money to stop fighting and lets Ji Lin escape.

Later, Zheng zhuanggong pretended to send his ministers down to make amends to Ji Lin, saying that he was only prepared to defend himself, but he didn't expect that his subordinates violated discipline and offended the emperor. Unable to laugh or cry, Ji Lin took this opportunity to go down the steps and declared that Zheng zhuanggong would not be guilty. The battle of Changge destroyed Ji Lin's prestige and knocked down the sign of Emperor Zhou that "he was ordered by heaven and assisted by all sides". From then on, the princes paid less and less attention to the emperor of Zhou.

In March 697 B.C., Ji Lin was seriously ill. He called Duke Zhou Hei shoulder into his bedroom and entrusted him with saying, "according to the ancestral system, I made my eldest son Ji Tuo the crown prince. But what I love is my second son, Jik. Today, I entrust Ji Ke to you. If Ji Tuo dies in the future, his brother will die and Ji Ke will succeed him. You have to do your best to do it well. " Soon, kylin died in Luoyi.

The temple name after Ji Lin's death was king Huan.

At the beginning of King Huan's accession to the throne, the emperor of Zhou was still very powerful and controlled a large territory, which is equivalent to a large area south of the Yellow River in Henan Province today. At this time, the neighboring state of Zheng became more and more powerful under the rule of Zheng zhuanggong, and often had border conflicts with Zhou. In order to show the authority of the emperor, King Huan led his troops to attack Zheng many times, but they were all defeated.

Especially in the war against Zheng in 711 B.C., the Zhou army was defeated and suffered heavy losses. King Huan was shot and nearly captured. The failure of this expedition made the prestige of Emperor Zhou plummet.

Since the queen Huan of Zhou Dynasty, the prestige of the emperor of Zhou has been more and more low, and the prelude of the struggle for hegemony among the major vassals has been opened.

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The first monarch of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: King Zhou Ping

The first king of Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China. He is the son of Youwang in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Ji's surname is Yi Jiu. 770-720 BC. He was the first king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. He is the son of king you of Zhou, and his mother is Shen Hou, the chief minister of king you. Empress Shen is the daughter of marquis Shen.

In 771 BC, king you of Zhou Dynasty was killed by dog soldiers, and the capital city of Ho Jing (now southwest of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) was destroyed by dog soldiers. Prince Yijiu was supported by the princes of Shen, Xu and Lu. He ascended the throne in Shen (now Nanyang north of Henan Province) and was king Ping. In order to avoid dog soldiers, King Ping moved the capital city from Ho Jing to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province), which is known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. Relying on the power of Jin, Zheng, Guo and other princes, King Ping of Zhou reluctantly supported the final game. However, with the decline of Zhou Dynasty, the emperor of Zhou Dynasty lost his position as the world's leader, and the annexation among the vassal states developed more and more. From then on, Chinese history entered the spring and Autumn period. After the death of King Ping, because his prince Xiefu died early, he made his grandson Lin the prince of Zhou Huan.

Ji Yijiu, the king of Ping, was originally established as the crown prince during the reign of king you of Zhou. After you king doted on Bao Si, he deposed Yi Jiu and made Bo Fu prince.

One day, Yi Jiu was playing in the garden. The king of you released the tiger from the cage, intending to let the tiger bite Yi Jiu to death. Yi Jiu is very courageous. When the tiger comes at him, instead of panicking and escaping, he goes forward and suddenly roars, which makes the tiger startled. He steps back and falls on the ground to observe the movement. Yi Jiu left calmly. Knowing that his father intended to harm him, he and his mother Shen Hou fled from the capital city and went to his grandfather Shen Hou.

Hourong conquered the capital of Ho and retreated after killing you Wang. Wei, Jin, Qin, Zheng, Shen, Lu, Xu and other vassal states established Yijiu as king and ascended to the throne in 770 BC in Shen (now North of Nanyang City, Henan Province). Soon after, because the capital of Ho had been destroyed by the war, Yi Jiu was escorted by the state of Qin and moved eastward to Luoyi. The Zhou Dynasty after moving eastward is called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. The year of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is the beginning of the spring and Autumn period.

At the same time when Yi Jiu ascended the throne, the Duke of Guo Han appointed Yu Chen, the other son of you king, as the emperor, and called him the king with you, which resulted in the juxtaposition of two weeks. More than ten years later, Wen Hou of Jin Dynasty, who supported Yi Jiu, attacked and killed Dai Wang, and the Zhou Dynasty was reunified. When Yijiu moved to the East, he was promoted to be a vassal because of the meritorious service of Qin Xianggong's escort, and promised to say, "Rong people have captured the areas of Haojing and Qishan (now Fengxiang County in Shaanxi Province). Go and attack them. Wherever you fight, they will be owned by Qin." Soon, the area to the west of Qishan was occupied by Qin, and the state of Qin began to develop. As a result of the loss of a large area of native land, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty only had a corner in the northwest of Henan Province. It did not cross Xingyang in the East, Tongguan in the west, Rushui in the south, and the South Bank of Qinshui in the north. The Zhou Dynasty declined greatly. Zheng, Jin, Qi, Lu, Yan, song, Chu and other big powers in order to fight for land, population and control of other vassal states, they constantly carried out merger wars, forming a chaotic situation of vassal hegemony, and China's history has entered a turbulent period of great changes.

During Yijiu's reign, because his grandfather, marquis Shen, supported him and made great contributions, he granted Marquis Shen a fief and sent people in his own capital to defend him. This made the people leave their hometown and resent very much.

Ji Yijiu once appointed Zheng Zhuang Gong gasheng as a minister of the imperial court. Later, because of the strength of the state of Zheng, Ji Yijiu was wary of Zheng zhuanggong. He did not want to be manipulated by Zheng zhuanggong. Taking advantage of Zheng's many affairs, Zheng zhuanggong did not have the opportunity to take office and wanted to remove him. Hearing this, Zheng zhuanggong immediately rushed to Luoyang to exert pressure on Ji Yijiu. Ji Yijiu repeatedly made amends, but Zheng zhuanggong refused. Ji Yijiu had no choice but to ask the prince Ji Hu to go to Zheng as a hostage. However, it was too bad for the emperor's dignity. The officials proposed to exchange hostages with each other. The son of Zheng zhuanggong suddenly came to Luoyi as a hostage, while the prince of Zhou went to Zheng State in the name of learning. It is known as the "Zhou Zheng Jiaozhi" in history. It can be seen from this historical fact that after Ji Yijiu moved to the East, the power of the Zhou royal family had declined, and the king of Zhou was named the son of heaven, which actually depended on the faces of the great princes.

In 720 BC, Ji Yijiu died. Ji Yijiu's temple name after his death was king Ping.

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Spring and Autumn Five Fighters: Qi Huan Gong

Duke Huan of Qi was the king of Qi in the spring and Autumn period. Jiang's surname is Xiaobai. During his reign (685 bc-643 BC), he selected talents and appointed talents, reformed the Qi government, made the country rich and the army strong, and became the first overlord in the spring and Autumn period.

Qi, capital of Linzi (today's Zibo City, Shandong Province), is located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, fertile soil, close to the mountains and the sea, and has the advantage of fishing and salt. It is the largest vassal state in the East. The first ancestor of the king of Qi was Jiang Shang. Because his ancestor was granted the title of Lu, he was also called Lu Shang. Jiang Shang, known as Jiang Taigong, once made great contributions to the Zhou Dynasty and was granted the title of Qi.

From Jiang Shang down to the fourteenth monarch was Qi Xianggong, the elder brother of Xiaobai. When Xianggong was in power (697-686 BC), he was immoral and corrupt. He killed Duke Huan of Lu because he had an affair with his younger sister; he spent a lot of money to build a palace for him to enjoy; he hunted and played all day and ignored the State Administration. The lower level officials and the soldiers could not help but starve, and the people's life was even more miserable. He also didn't know the rewards and punishments, and killed his subordinates at will, which made everyone feel threatened. Even his brother fled abroad for fear of being killed. With the help of Guan Zhong and Zhao Hu, Gongzi Jiu fled to the state of Lu, while Xiaobai fled to Ju (today's Ju county, Shandong Province) with the help of Bao Shuya.

In the autumn of the 11th year of Xianggong (687 B.C.), Xianggong ordered the officials to call him Guan Zhifu and lead the soldiers to guard kuiqiu (now Zibo West, Shandong Province). Before leaving, I made an appointment to go when the melon is ripe this year and replace it when the melon is ripe next year. But a year later, Qi Xianggong did not send troops to replace him. Even said, Guan Zhifu several requests for replacement, were rejected. So Lian and Guan took advantage of the discontent of the guards, united with Gongsun Xiaoxue, Xianggong's uncle and brother, and launched a mutiny to fight back to Linzi and kill qixianggong. Gongsun Xiaoxue became the king of Qi. The next year, Gongsun was killed again in Yonglin.

When the state of Qi lost its monarch, the ministers nervously began to plan for the establishment of a new monarch. In the west of takamata, the Prime Minister of the state of Qi, he was very close to Xiaobai when he was young, so he secretly sent someone to Ju to call Xiaobai back to the throne. At the same time, there are also people who want to pick up the elder young master Jiu to return home as king, and the state of Lu is also preparing to escort young master Jiu back to Qi, and send Guan Zhong to lead the troops to intercept Xiaobai on the way home. When the two sides meet, Xiaobai is shot by Guan Zhong with an arrow and nearly dies. In order to confuse each other, Xiaobai pretends to be killed by an arrow and drives to Qidu in a light car day and night. He thought Xiaobai was dead and sure to win, so he slowed down the speed of returning to Qi and arrived six days later. At this time, Xiaobai had already been supported as the king of Qi, and he defeated the Lu army when he joined the army. Xiaobai ascended the throne of the monarch of Qi. He was the famous Duke Huan of Qi in history.

Reform

Duke Huan of Qi appointed Guan Zhong to carry out the reform, which led to the great rule of Qi.

Political affairs

In this way, the capital of the country is the country and other places are the wild. There are 21 townships in the state, including 6 townships for Industry and Commerce and 15 townships for scholars. Every five houses are one track, and the track length is set. Every ten tracks is a mile, and there is a division in it. Every four Li is a company with a company commander. Every ten companies is a township, where there are good people. Thirdly, the government set up three ministers, three clans for industry, three townships for commerce, three Yu for Ze and three Heng for mountain to strengthen management. For the wild, thirty families were set up as a city, and the city had a division. Ten cities are a unit, and the unit has a unit commander. Ten soldiers for a township, township set Township commander. Three townships for a county, county set up county commander. Ten counties belong to one genus, which has a doctor. There are five genera in the whole country, which are managed separately by doctors. In addition, the terms of reference of officials at all levels should be divided into the following categories: officials in charge of prison, county commanders in charge of field boundary, and township commanders in charge of general political affairs. They are required to be conscientious and not to neglect political affairs, otherwise they will be punished. In the first month of every year, the five subordinate doctors report to Duke Huan, who rewards and punishes him according to his achievements.

Military phase

We should implement the system of unifying the military with the government and unifying the army with the people. It is stipulated that the residents of Shixiang must perform military service. Each family has one soldier, and each track has one Wu, who is led by the track chief. Fifty people in every mile are a small army, which is led by Lisi. There are 200 soldiers in each company, and the soldiers are led by the company commander. There are two thousand people in each village. The brigade is led by a good man. Ten thousand people from five townships are one army. Fifteen townships are three armies. Duke Huan, Guozi and Gaozi lead one army each. They train in leisure time and March in war time. This not only improves the combat effectiveness of soldiers, but also does not have to pay the cost of supporting them. In addition, in order to solve the problem of insufficient weapons, it is stipulated that crimes can be atoned with weapons. If you commit a serious crime, you can make atonement with armor and halberd; if you commit a minor crime, you can make atonement with shield and halberd; if you commit a minor crime, you can make atonement with metal; if you use copper, you can make weapons; if you use iron, you can make farm implements. A successful lawsuit requires a bunch of arrows. From then on, Qi's weapons were gradually sufficient.

Start to dominate

After the reform of Duke Huan of Qi, the national strength of Qi was greatly enhanced, and Duke Huan of Qi began to seek hegemony. First, he repaired with neighboring countries and returned them to Tang and Qian, which were occupied by the state of Lu before, so that the state of Lu could be used as a southern barrier; then he returned to Tai, yuan, Gu and Qili, which were occupied by the state of Wei before, so that the state of Wei could be used as a Western barrier; finally, he returned Chaifu and barking dog, which were occupied by the state of Yan before, so that the state of Yan could be used as a northern barrier. In the spring of the fifth year of Duke Huan (681 BC), the princes of song, Chen, CAI and Ying were gathered to form an alliance in Zhenzhao. Duke Huan of Qi was the first one to be the leader of the alliance in history. In the name of the emperor of Zhou, Duke Huan of Qi led several vassals to attack the Song Dynasty and forced the song state to seek peace. In addition, Duke Huan of Qi destroyed small states such as Tan and Sui. In the fourteenth year of Duke Huan (672 BC), Duke Chen Li's son Wan, namely Tian Wan, fled to the state of Qi. Duke Huan wanted to appoint him as Qing, but he didn't accept it, so Duke Huan appointed him Gongzheng.

Respect the king and fight against the foreigners

In the 23rd year of Duke Huan (663 BC), Shanrong attacked the state of Yan, and Yan asked Qi for help. Duke Huan of Qi saved Yan and attacked Shanrong until Guzhu. Yanzhuang sent Duke Huan of Qi to Qijing. Duke Huan said, "it's not the son of heaven. You can't leave the country if you send them to me. I can't be rude to Yan." So he cut the place where Yan Jun went to the state of Yan, and told Yan Jun to learn how to summon the Duke for government, just as king Cheng of Zhou and King Kang of Zhou paid tribute to the Zhou Dynasty. When the princes heard about it, they all supported the state of Qi. In the 27th year of Duke Huan (659 BC), his younger sister Aijiang was the mother of Duke min of Lu. She was promiscuous with his son Qingfu. Qingfu killed min Gong, AI Jiang wanted to establish Qingfu, while Lu people established Fu Gong. Duke Huan recalled AI Jiang and killed him. In the 28th year of Duke Huan (658 BC), Duke Wei Wengong was harassed by Di people and asked Qi for help. Qi defeated the Di people, built Chu Qiu City for the state of Wei, and moved the subjects there.

In the 29th year of Duke Huan (657 BC), Duke Huan and Cai Ji were playing in the water. Cai Ji swayed the boat. Huan Gong was afraid and stopped Cai Ji. Cai Ji didn't listen and kept shaking. Duke Huan of Qi got out of the boat and sent Cai Ji back. Cai Guo was not happy either, so he married Cai Ji to someone else. Duke Huan was angry and launched a crusade. In the spring of the thirtieth year of Duke Huan (656 BC), Duke Huan of Qi led the princes of Lu, song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao to attack Cai, and the officials and people of CAI rebelled. Then he attacked the state of Chu. King Cheng of Chu set up an army and asked, "why did you come to our country?". Guan Zhong replied, "once upon a time, the Duke of Zhaokang said to the former monarch of our country," you should attack the princes and assist the Zhou Dynasty. " Give us the land of Xianjun to the sea in the East, the Yellow River in the west, Muling in the South and Wudi in the north. The state of Chu didn't pay tribute to Bao Mao, so that the king of Zhou didn't have anything to drink. King Zhou Zhao did not return from his southern expedition. It's because of that. " The king of Chu said, "it's true that there was no tribute. It's my fault. King Zhao didn't come back from the southern expedition. Ask Hanshui to go. " Qi's army arrived at Xing. In the Xia Dynasty, the king of Chu sent Qu Wan to lead the troops to resist, and the Qi army returned to Zhaoling. Qu Wan said to Duke Huan, "you can be reasonable. If not, then Chu uses Fangcheng mountain as the city wall and the Yangtze River and Han River as the moat to fight against you. Can you still win? " So he talked with Qu Wan about peace and withdrawal.

In the summer of the 35th year of Duke Huan (651 BC), Duke Huan assembled the princes in kuiqiu. King Xiang of Zhou sent Kong to give Huan official documents, Wu Yu, Tong GONGYA, Da Lu (the vehicle of princes' Court Service), not to worship and receive the gifts from Duke Huan. Huan Gong wanted not to worship, Guan Zhong said: "No." So Duke Huan bowed down to receive the gift. In autumn, he met with the princes in kuiqiu, and Zhou sent zaikong to attend. Duke Huan became more and more proud, and many princes betrayed him. Zaikong said to Marquis Jin, "Duke Huan of Qi is too proud." In this year, Duke Xian of Jin died, and civil strife broke out in the state of Jin. Yiwu, the public son of Qin Mu, became the king of Jin, and Duke Huan sent troops to pacify the strife. At this time, the Zhou Dynasty declined, and only Qi, Jin, Chu and Qin were strong. The state of Jin was in civil strife, the state of Qin was remote, the king of Chu regarded himself as a barbarian, and Duke Huan of Qi became the overlord of the Central Plains. Duke Huan said, "I went south to Zhaoling and saw xiongshan. The northern expedition to Shanrong, Lizhi and Guzhu. The western expedition to the summer, deep into the quicksand. Mount Taihang and return to Beier. Don't go against me, princes. Three times I joined forces with the princes, six times I allied with the princes, and I became the crown prince of Xiang. The three kings used to be great. Now what's the difference between them and me? I want to do Zen in Mount Tai. " Guan Zhong tried to persuade him, but Duke Huan didn't listen. Guan Zhong also said that only when he got a rare monster in the distance could he be granted Zen, and Duke Huan didn't think about it.

Ren Xian's reform

Duke Huan of Qi became a monarch. He always wanted to kill Guan Zhong. When he attacked Lu, Bao Shuya said to Duke Huan, "do you want to manage Qi well? It's enough to have Gao Hou and me. If you want to seek hegemony, you must have Guan Zhong! "Duke Huan was magnanimous and gave up the past. He immediately accepted Bao Shuya's advice and sent him to meet Guan Zhong personally. He treated Guan Zhong with courtesy and entrusted him with an important task.

As Duke Huan was thirsty for talents, many outstanding figures such as Guan Zhong, Bao Shuya, Gao Hou and Xi (XI) Peng gathered around him. Especially after getting Guan Zhong, Duke Huan was like a fish in water, like a tiger adding wings, and found someone to help him revitalize Qi. With the great support of Duke Huan, Guan Zhong carried out the reform in a bold way.

In politics, the system of "participating in the country while serving the despicable" was implemented. "State" is the capital. "Despicable" is the country. "Shenqiguo" is to divide the capital into 21 townships, which are divided into three parts: Labor Township, business Township and scholar township. Among them, there are three industrial townships, three business townships and 15 scholar townships. "Wu Qi Bi" means to set up the rural residents, set up officials and strengthen control according to the organization of track, city, township, county and subordinate. The purpose is to make the people live in peace, keep their jobs, and not move into exile arbitrarily, so as to develop social production and consolidate their rule.

On the military side, the measure of "sending military orders for internal affairs" was carried out. That is to say, on the basis of the reform of the internal affairs, we should integrate the army with the agriculture, integrate the army with the people, and unify the military organization and the administrative organization. The residents are not only the people, but also soldiers. They should not only engage in their own professions, but also carry out military training in the spring and autumn. The officials are not only the chief executive, but also the military commander; they are in charge of both administration and military affairs. In this way, the source of troops has been expanded and the combat effectiveness has been improved.

On the economic side, measures have been taken to increase the tax revenue of the state. Huan Gong and Guan Zhong reformed the old tax system and implemented the method of "Cui, Cui, and levy" against the situation of the destruction of well field system, the rise of private land and the decrease of national tax revenue since the spring and Autumn period. That is to say, land survey should be carried out in the vast rural areas, and the amount of tribute should be stipulated according to the fertility and quantity of land. At the same time, it also advocated that money should be made from mountains and the sea should be boiled for salt, and encouraged the development of salt and iron industry. In addition, the system of "light and heavy nine governments" was set up to distribute goods according to the rich and poor years and the needs of the people, so as to adjust the price, accumulate money and increase the national income. It laid a material foundation for Qi to dominate the feudal lords.

As a result of the reform of Duke Huan and Guan Zhong, the state of Qi soon became rich and powerful, and played a major role in the political arena of the spring and Autumn period.

The first tyrant in the spring and Autumn Period

In the spring and Autumn period, the prestige of the emperor of Zhou was not as good as before, and he could no longer command the princes. In order to fight for labor, plunder wealth and annex land, the princes of all countries attempted to be the overlord of the world, forcing all the princes to bow down and pay tribute. In this way, the struggle of big powers for hegemony will inevitably be put on the agenda of history.

After he became powerful, Duke Huan of Qi actively fought for hegemony among the princes. In 684 B.C., the first army to attack the state of Lu in the southwest, the army of Lu fought in Changshao (now Laiwu north of Shandong Province). The Duke of Lu Zhuang adopted Cao GUI's suggestion, and when Qi's morale declined, he fought back and defeated Qi's division, which frustrated him in his fight for hegemony. However, after that, Duke Huan sent troops three times in succession to conquer Lu, and all of them won the victory and seized a lot of land in Lu. In 681 BC, Duke Huan of Qi called Duke Zhuang of Lu to hold an alliance in Ke (now near Acheng of Shandong Province), and returned the lost land of Lu according to the agreement, which made Duke Huan win a great reputation among the princes. In a short period of time, Duke Huan of Qi successively conquered Tan (Tan Tan, now the northwest of Tancheng in Shandong), Sui (now the south of Feicheng in Shandong), Ju, Xu (now the southeast of Sihong in Jiangsu), Lai (now the southeast of Huangxian in Shandong) and other countries. It is said that thirty-one small countries were subject to Qi. In 679 BC, Duke Huan of Qi called Duke Huan of song, Duke Xuan of Chen and Duke Hui of Wei to form an alliance in Juan (now the north of juancheng, Shandong Province). The princes promoted Duke Huan of Qi as the overlord, and the state of Qi began to seek hegemony.

Since the spring and Autumn period, Shanrong and di ethnic groups in northern China have become powerful, and often harass Yan, Xing, Wei and other countries. Under the slogan of "respecting the king and fighting against the barbarians", Duke Huan of Qi united with Yan to defeat Shanrong, and united with song and Cao to stop the disturbance of Di people. He built new cities for Xing and Wei, which made "Xing moved as before, but Wei forgot to die", and established a high prestige among the princes.

After Duke Huan of Qi won the hegemony of the Central Plains, he further developed his power to the south, so that Chu in the South would also recognize the hegemony of Qi. In 656 BC, Duke Huan of Qi led a coalition of eight vassal states, including Qi, Lu, song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu, Cao, and so on. He first attacked the state of CAI, which was dependent on Chu. The CAI people fled in the wind. So he marched to Chu. King Cheng of Chu saw that the army of Qi was coming fiercely. On the one hand, he personally led the army to fight, and on the other hand, he sent the doctor Qu Wan to make peace with Qi. When Duke Huan of Qi saw that there was no room for Chu to take advantage of, he made an alliance with Chu in Zhaoling (now the east of Yancheng in Henan Province), which made Chu recognize his hegemony. After that, Duke Huan of Qi held several meetings with the princes, and once supported and established King Xiang of Zhou and respected the emperor of Zhou. In 651 BC, the emperor of Zhou also sent people to participate in the meeting of kuiqiu, and the hegemony of Duke Huan of Qi reached its peak.

In 645 BC, Guan Zhong and Xi Peng died one after another. Duke Huan appointed Yi Ya, Kai Fang and Li Diao as the three flattering ministers in power, and his politics gradually became corrupt. In 643 BC, Duke Huan of Qi died. In order to fight for the throne, his five sons attacked each other and had no time to attend to the funeral of Duke Huan. As a result, the body of Duke Huan of Qi was stored for 67 days and rotted and gave birth to maggots. From then on, Qi's hegemony declined suddenly.

Duke Huan of Qi was an outstanding ruler with the ability of governing the country and great ambition. He carried out some rectification and Reform in his own country, and achieved the effect of enriching the country and strengthening the army. He became the first overlord among the countries in the spring and Autumn period. Although the war for hegemony caused great damage to the social economy and the working people paid a great price for it, it played a positive role in the unification of China, the integration of all nationalities and the development of ancient Chinese history.

Duke Huan of Qi and nine princes

Although the state of Qi lost a battle in Changshao, it did not affect the later hegemony of Duke Huan of Qi. More than ten years later, the northern state of Yan (whose capital is now Beijing) sent envoys to ask for help, saying that the state of Yan was invaded by a nearby tribe, Shanrong, and was defeated. Duke Huan of Qi decided to lead the army to save Yan.

In 663 BC, the army of Qi arrived in the state of Yan. Shanrong had robbed a number of people and treasures and fled back.

The army of Qi and Yan united and pursued north. Unexpectedly, they were led into a mysterious valley by the enemy. That Lost Valley is like the sea, no edge, no edge, no way to find the original way.

It's Guan Zhong who comes up with an idea. He said to Duke Huan of Qi, "horses may know the way. It's better to find some local old horses and let them walk in the head. Maybe they can get out of this place."

Duke Huan of Qi asked some old horses to lead the way. These old horses really led the people out of the valley.

After Duke Huan of Qi helped Yan defeat Shanrong, Xing was also invaded by another tribe di. Duke Huan of Qi took his men to drive away the Di people and helped Xing rebuild the city wall. Then the di invaded the state of Wei, and Duke Huan of Qi helped the state rebuild its capital on the South Bank of the Yellow River. Because of these things, Duke Huan of Qi's prestige was improved. Only the southern state of Chu (the capital of which is located in the northwest of Jiangling, Hubei Province today) not only disagrees with the state of Qi, but also opposes the state of Qi.

Chu was in the south of China, and had never been in contact with the Central Plains. At that time, the Central Plains princes regarded Chu as a "barbarian". However, Chu people reclaimed the land in the south, gradually accepted some tribes nearby, and gradually became a big country. Later, he called himself the king of Chu and did not pay attention to the emperor of Zhou Dynasty.

In 656 BC, Duke Huan of Qi made a date with the army of song, Lu, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Cao and Xu to jointly attack Chu.

When King Cheng of Chu heard the news, he also gathered people and horses to prepare for resistance. He sent an emissary to see Duke Huan of Qi and said, "our king asked me to ask, Qi is in the north, Chu is in the south, and the two countries have no contact. It's really not the same. Why do your soldiers come here? "

Guan Zhong asked: "although our two countries are far apart, they are both granted by the emperor of Zhou. When the Duke of Qi was appointed, he once accepted an order: if anyone disobeys the emperor, the state of Qi has the right to punish him. The state of Chu originally paid tribute to the emperor Baomao every year. Why don't you pay tribute now The emissary said, "we didn't pay tribute to Bao Mao. It's not our fault. We will pay tribute in the future."

After the envoys left, the state of Qi and the Allied forces of the vassals moved forward again and arrived at Zhaoling (now Yancheng County, Henan Province).

King Cheng of Chu sent Qu Wan to inquire. In order to show his military power, Duke Huan of Qi asked Qu Wan to get on the bus to see the original soldiers. After a look, it turned out that the army was neat and strong.

Duke Huan of Qi proudly said to Qu Wan, "look, who can resist such a powerful army?"

Qu Wan gave a faint smile and said, "only when you help the emperor, speak of morality and help the weak, can people admire you. If we only rely on force, our national strength is not strong, but we use Fangcheng (the Great Wall built by the state of Chu, from the south of the current river to the northeast of Biyang) as the wall and Han River as the trench. Even if you bring more people, you may not be able to get in. "

Duke Huan of Qi was very tough when he heard what Qu Wan said. He did not expect that he could easily defeat the state of Chu. Moreover, since the state of Chu had admitted his mistake and promised to pay tribute to Bao Mao, he also had face. In this way, the eight princes of the Central Plains and the state of Chu made an alliance in Zhaoling and went back to China.

Later, there was a dispute between the Zhou royal family, and Duke Huan of Qi helped Prince Ji Zheng consolidate his position. After the crown prince ascended the throne, he was king Xiang of Zhou. In order to repay Duke Huan of Qi, King Xiang of Zhou specially sent envoys to give him the sacrificial meat from the temple, which was regarded as a generous gift.

Taking advantage of this opportunity, Duke Huan of Qi met with the princes in kuiqiu (now lankaodong of Henan Province) of the Song Dynasty to entertain the messenger of the emperor. The main contents of the treaty are as follows: building water conservancy projects and preventing disasters, it is not allowed to regard neighboring countries as puddles; neighboring countries should not be forbidden to buy food when there is famine; all the princes of the alliance should be friendly after the treaty is signed.

This was the last time Duke Huan of Qi met with the princes. There are many times of such a great meeting, which is called "nine combined Princes" in history.

In 645 BC, Guan Zhong died. Two years later, Duke Huan of Qi also died. When Duke Huan died, his five sons snatched the throne. Civil strife broke out in the state of Qi, and Prince Zhao fled to the state of song. The hegemony of Qi was over.

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The rise and fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty

It began in the 11th century B.C. when King Wu of Zhou conquered Zhou and destroyed the Shang Dynasty, and finally became a unified dynasty of China in 771 B.C. During this period, all the vassals of the whole country shouldered certain obligations to the dynasty, and the Zhou Dynasty maintained a unified situation. Because the king of Zhou lived in the western capital Zongzhou, it was called Western Zhou.

The rise of Zhou people

Zhou people are ancient agricultural tribes, rising in today's Shaanxi Gansu area. It is said that its ancestor was named as Houji. After his death, his descendants became agricultural officials of the Xia Dynasty. Because of the decline of Xia government, he lost his official position and ran between Rong and di. Sun Gong Liu led his people to settle down in Chen (now the west of Xunyi in Shaanxi Province), developed farming, and gradually gained power. Later, it was passed down to the ninth generation. Due to the attack of Xunyu and Rongdi, he moved from Xunyu to Zhouyuan (now between Fufeng and Qishan in Shaanxi Province) under Qishan. The land of Zhouyuan is fertile and suitable for farming. In the late Shang Dynasty, Gugong built houses in the city, divided the cities, and set up official institutions. The state name was Zhou. Gu Gong was later called the king of the Zhou Dynasty.

In ancient times, the younger son Ji Li succeeded to the throne, which was Gong Ji, and later Zhou people pursued Wang Ji. With the development of Zhou Guoshi and the intermarriage between Jili and Zhi, the surname Ren, strengthened the relationship with Shang Dynasty. In the last year of Wu Yi, king of Shang Dynasty, Ji Li entered the dynasty. Wu Yi granted land, jade, horses and other items. After that, Ji Li conquered xiluoguirong and captured "Twelve Zhai (DI) kings". During the reign of Wending, the king of Shang Dynasty, Ji Li fought against all the armies further. Except for the defeat of the army in Yanjing, the victory of the army in Yuwu, the army in Shihu and the army in Yitu made Zhou's forces penetrate into the territory of Shanxi. Wending (i.e. emperor b) appointed Ji Li as priest (i.e. Fang Bo). It may be that the strength of Zhou Dynasty caused the conflict with Shang Dynasty, and Ji Li was killed by the king of Shang Dynasty. Ji Li's son Chang succeeded to the throne, that is, the King Wen of Zhou. King Wen was once a courtier of King Zhou of Shang Dynasty with nine Marquis (a ghost Marquis) and e marquis. The nine Marquis and e Marquis were killed by Zhou, and King Wen was also imprisoned. After he was released, he offered the land to the west of Luohe River to Zhou, asking him to get rid of the torture of artillery. As Zhou promised, he was granted the title of Xibo. Most of the princes rebelled against merchants and returned to Zhou Dynasty. King Wen successively conquered Canrong, MISHU (now in the west of Lingtai, Gansu), Li (now in the southwest of Changzhi, Shanxi), Han (now in the northwest of Qinyang, Henan), and finally conquered Chongguo (now in the northwest of Chang'an, Shaanxi), built Fengyi on the West Bank of Fengshui, and moved his capital there. In the period of King Wen, Zhou was quite powerful, but it was still a vassal state under the Shang Dynasty in name.

King Wu conquered Zhou

Boyikao, the eldest son of King Wen, was killed by Zhou. After the death of King Wen, the later Prince FA succeeded to the throne, that is, King Wu of Zhou. In the second year of King Wu's accession to the throne, he set up his army in the east to attack merchants in Mengjin, but because the time was not mature enough, he had to return his army temporarily. Later, King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty became more tyrannical, killing Bigan and imprisoning Jizi. King Wu of Zhou led the army to March eastward, crossed Mengjin, met with the princes and swore to denounce Zhou's crimes. In the early morning of Jiazi day, Zhou's army entered the suburbs of Shang Dynasty and fought with Zhou's army in Muye. The Zhou army won the battle of Muye. Zhou was forced to burn himself to death, and Shang Dynasty died.

King Wu entered the capital of Shang Dynasty, and then sent troops to invade the princes of Shang Dynasty who had not yet been subdued. According to the records, as many as 99 countries were conquered. After conquering the Shang Dynasty, King Wu returned to the West and held a grand ceremony in his newly moved capital, Haojing (Zongzhou, now fengshuidong, northwest of Chang'an, Shaanxi), officially announcing the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty.

Zhou Gong's eastward expedition

After the death of King Wu, the prince chanted and established for the sake of becoming king. King Cheng was a young man who once assisted Zhou GongDan, the younger brother of King Wu of Zoke business, as regent. Guan Shu and Cai Shu suspected that Zhou Gong would usurp the throne and spread rumors. Wu Geng also planned to restore the state, joined Guan and CAI to rebel against Zhou, and gathered Xu (now Sihong in Jiangsu), Yan (now Qufu in Shandong), Bogu (now Southeast of boxing in Shandong) and Xiong, Ying and other tribes to make trouble. After three years of war, Zhou Gong finally put down the rebellion. Wu Geng and Guan Shu were killed, and Cai Shu was exiled.

In order to eliminate the hidden danger of the remaining forces of the Shang Dynasty rebelling against Zhou, the Zhou Dynasty first ordered the princes to build a new city in Yiluo area, namely Luoyi (Chengzhou), the eastern capital of the Zhou Dynasty.

When the eastern capital was established, it was moved to control it. At the same time, Wei Zi, a noble of Shang Dynasty, was granted to Zhou Dynasty in Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu in Henan Province), the former capital of Shang Dynasty, to replace the Shang Dynasty; Kang Shu, the younger brother of King Wu, was granted to Zhou Dynasty to establish Wei state and give seven families of Yin people; Bo Qin, the eldest son of Duke Zhou, was granted to the old land of Yan state and Lu state and six families of Yin people. In this way, the remaining people of the Shang Dynasty were divided and gradually submitted to the rule of the Zhou Dynasty.

The rule of Chengkang

The eastern capital was built into Zhou Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou returned to power and became king, and the Zhou Dynasty entered a period of consolidation. It is said that the Duke of Zhou made rites and music, which refers to the establishment and implementation of various systems of the dynasty. Among them, enfeoffment in the early Zhou Dynasty had the most profound influence.

The enfeoffment of the Zhou Dynasty began when King Wu was king, but the large-scale enfeoffment was in the period of King Cheng and his son king Kang (Mingzhao). It is said that there are 71 states in the early Zhou Dynasty, among which 40 states share the same surname of Ji with the king of Zhou. The descendants of Wang Ji's elder brother Taibo and Zhongyong were granted Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu); Guo Zhong and Guo Shu, the younger brother of King Wen, were granted Dongguo (now northeast Xingyang, Henan) and Xiguo (now East Baoji, Shaanxi); the sons of King Wen were granted Guan (now Zhengzhou, Henan, zaomie), CAI (now southwest of upper Cai, Henan), Huo (now southwest of Huo County, Shanxi), Wei (now Qi County, Henan), Mao (now unknown) ）The sons of King Wu were granted in Jin Dynasty (first in the wing of Shanxi Province), and the sons of King Wu were granted in Jin Dynasty (second in the wing of Shanxi Province) Chengxi, Ying (now Pingdingshan, Henan), Han (now Hejin, Shanxi); Duke Zhou's son was granted to Lu (now Qufu, Shandong), fan (now Huixian, Henan), Jiang (now Gushi, Henan), Xing (now Xingtai, Hebei), Mao (now Jinxiang, Shandong), Hui (now Yanjin, Henan), Ji (now Zhengzhou, Henan); Duke Zhao's son was granted to Yan (now Zhengzhou, Henan) Beijing). In addition, there are many different surnames, such as the Qi of Jiang (now linzibei of Shandong), the song of Zi, and so on.

The enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty established the local administrative system under the control of the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty, which played a role in strengthening the rule of the Zhou Dynasty in a certain period. The enfeoffment system also provided an important premise for the emergence of the ritual system of maintaining the hierarchical sequence of emperor, vassal, Qing, official and scholar.

The vassals in the early Zhou Dynasty were all controlled by the central government. At the time of becoming king, Duke Zhou and Duke Zhao were the most important ministers in the court. Since Shaanxi (now Shanxian County in Henan Province), the princes in the West were managed by Zhaogong, while the princes in the East were managed by Zhougong. In the reign of King Kang, Zhou ordered the princes to fight against the border and distant countries, such as the levy on Guifang recorded in the inscription on Xiaoyu Ding. Many people were captured, tens of thousands of them were captured alone. During the period of Chengkang, the Zhou Dynasty was the most powerful.

The southern expedition of King Zhao and the march of King Mu

After the death of King Kang, zizhao succeeded to the throne. In the 16th year of emperor Zhao, he wanted to inherit the cause of Chengkang and continue to expand the territory of Zhou Dynasty. He led a large army to the south of Chu and Jing, passing through Tang Dynasty (now the northwest of suixian County in Hubei Province), Li Dynasty (now the north of suixian County in Hubei Province), Zeng Dynasty (now suixian County in Hubei Province) and Kui Dynasty (now the east of Zigui County in Hubei Province) to Jianghan Region. After three years of Southern expedition, when the king of Zhao returned to his division to cross the Han River, it was said that the local people took the king of Zhao in a boat bonded with glue, and the boat broke down in the middle stream. The king of Zhao drowned and the army was destroyed, which made the Zhou Dynasty suffer unprecedented setbacks.

After King Zhao, his son, King Mu man, reigned for 55 years. He is very successful and still wants to develop in all directions. Because the nomadic Rong Di did not pay tribute to the Zhou Dynasty, he conquered the dog Rong in the West and won the five kings, and moved the Rong people to Taiyuan (now Zhenyuan area of Gansu Province). King Mu liked to March, which led to the relaxation of the government. In the East, the state of Xu led Jiuyi to invade the Zhou Dynasty, and even reached the river in the West. King Mu's southern expedition was pacified by the United Kingdom of Chu.

In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Rongdi gradually flourished in Northwest China. During the reign of King Yi, there was a situation of "invasion of China by Rong and Di", which was deeply suffered by Zhou people. The king of Yi ordered Guo Gong to lead his division to fight against the army of Taiyuan and won thousands of horses, but this victory failed to restore the decline of the royal family, and Rong Di continued to be a serious threat to the Zhou Dynasty.

Chinese uprising and Republican Administration

The king of Yi died, and the son of Li was Hu Li. During the reign of King Li, all kinds of social contradictions in the Western Zhou Dynasty tended to intensify, and finally reached the situation of outbreak. The Northwest Rongdi, especially Yanyu, further strengthened the pressure on the Zhou Dynasty and invaded from time to time; the Southeast Huaiyi, who had been subordinated to the Zhou Dynasty, could not bear the heavy pressure and rose up to resist. King Li ordered Guo Zhong to fight. It failed. Years of war have brought great suffering to the people. At the same time, King Li appointed Rong Yi Gong as the minister and implemented "patent", monopolizing social wealth and resources. In order to suppress the discontent of the people, King Li ordered the witches to watch and kill those who slandered the king. As a result, people were in danger and finally led to a Chinese uprising.

In 841 BC, the National People's Congress was riot, and Li was forced to run to * (now Shanxi Huo county). The court was administrated by two ministers, Zhaogong (Zhaomu Gonghu) and Zhougong (zhoudinggong), and was called "Gonghe" (i.e. Gongbo and Zhengxing).

Xuanwang Zhongxing

During the Chinese uprising, Prince Li hid himself in Zhaomu's family, and Zhaogong took his son's place to get out of danger. The Republic was fourteen years ago (the first 828), and Li Wang died from *. In the following year, Prince Jing ascended the throne as king Xuan of Zhou, and reigned for 46 years. With the help of the ministers such as Zhao Mugong, King Xuan made great efforts to govern the country, and the government improved obviously. With the support of the Chinese, King Xuan began to defend the northwest and the southeast.

In the early days of King Xuan, because of the lack of national strength, he once relied on the Qin people who belonged to the Zhou Dynasty to resist the Xirong. King Xuan ordered Qin Zhong to attack Xirong. In the fourth year of Emperor Xuan (824 BC), Qin Zhong was killed by Xirong. King Xuan summoned his son, Qin zhuanggong, and other five men to fight against Xirong for 7000 soldiers, and won the victory. He appointed Qin zhuanggong as the official of xichui. In March of the fifth year, King Xuan himself led his troops to fight against Yanyu in pengya (now northwest of Chengcheng, Shaanxi Province), and made some achievements. After that, King Xuan turned to the southeast. He ordered Yin Jifu (named Xi Jia and Xi Boji Fu in the inscriptions) to manage the tribute property, including the tribute of Huaiyi. He asked Huaiyi to pay tribute to cloth, grain and grass and the people who served according to the regulations of the dynasty, and restricted the trade between Huaiyi merchants and Zhou Dynasty in the designated market, so as to prepare for the large-scale attack in the future.

After accumulating strength for a period of time, King Xuan ordered Yin Jifu and Nan Zhong to go out for the expedition. The expedition lasted a long time and achieved remarkable success. For example, the inscription on guojizi's white plate written in the 12th year of Emperor Xuan states that guojizi's white plate led his troops to fight with Yu on the North Bank of Luohe River. He decapitated 500 people at one time and captured 50 enemies. Zhou's army went deep into Taiyuan and forced Yanyu to go far away. It may be because of the exploitation of Zhou Dynasty, Huaiyi rebelled against Zhou Dynasty and invaded Jianghan area.

King Xuan ordered Mu Gong to go to pacify, and ordered Nan Zhong, Huang Fu, Cheng Bo Xiu Fu, etc. to lead the army down the Huaihe River to the east to invade the state of Xu, and finally forced the state of Xu to obey the Zhou Dynasty. In order to consolidate the Southern soil, King Xuan moved his uncle Shen Bo to Xie (now Nanyang, Henan Province).

These victories in the xuanwang period did not solve the fundamental contradiction in the Western Zhou society. The so-called resurgence was only temporary. In the late years of King Xuan, the decline of Zhou Dynasty appeared again. Thirty one years later, xuanwang sent troops to fight against the army of Taiyuan and failed to win. In the following year, King Xuan interfered in the succession of the throne of Lu state and established the Duke of filial piety with his military strength, which caused discord among the princes. Thirty six years later, he conquered tiaoyong and benrong and suffered a disastrous defeat. In the 39th year, he fought with the Jiang family of Xirong in Qianmu (now Jiexiu south of Shanxi Province). He was seriously defeated and lost his Southern Division. In order to continue to defend, King Xuan had to count the number of people in Taiyuan and reorganize and control them. This shows that the strength of the Zhou Dynasty has become empty.

The fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty

The cause of the destruction of the Western Zhou Dynasty was that the king of you abandoned the empress Shen's daughter and the crown prince Yijiu, and replaced Baosi as the empress, and his son Bofu as the crown prince. Yijiu fled to the kingdom of Shen, and the Marquis of Shen united with the kingdom of ZA and the Western dog army to attack the king of you. You wang and Bo Fu were both killed in the opera by Gou Rong (now Lintong East, Shaanxi). In 771 BC, the Western Zhou dynasty fell. After the death of you Wang, marquis Shen, marquis Lu and Duke Xu established the former crown prince Yi Jiu in Shen, and Duke Guo Han established another Prince Yu Chen Yu Dai (the place is not known). Yijiu moved his capital to Luoyi to avoid the dog army. It was king Ping of Zhou Dynasty. Yu Chen was killed by Wen Hou of Jin Dynasty in 760 BC.

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The rule system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

 

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the system of enfeoffment was practiced. That is to say, "Feudalism" in ancient books, and the basis of enfeoffment system is patriarchal clan system.

Patriarchal clan system is the basic principle of blood relationship in ancient Chinese society, and its main content is the system of direct succession. In the Shang Dynasty, there was a prototype of the inheritance of Di Chang. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, patriarchal clan system developed into a systematic system.

The strict sense of the patriarchal clan system, only in the Qing, officials, scholars within the scope of implementation. The ancestors of these families are generally the other sons of the monarch. The eldest son of the monarch is the crown prince, inheriting the throne, and other sons are other sons. Because biezi is also the son of the monarch, he is also called childe. The other son can not be the same ancestor as the prince who inherited the monarch. He must be separated from his family and become the ancestor of the inheritance system of the direct leader in the family. He will not change and is called the chief. Every son other than his eldest son, every son other than his eldest son They are all common people. For a large number of people, they are called Xiaozong. During this period, when the blood relationship lasted for more than five generations, they no longer lived in the original small clan. In the whole family composed of big and small clans, most of them are in the position of clan head, which is called zongzi. The other sons of this family usually have the titles of Qing and doctor, which are inherited by zongzi.

In a broad sense, patriarchal clan system also applies to the Zhou royal family. The eldest son of the king of Zhou was the crown prince. Most of the other princes were enfeoffed as princes inside and outside the royal capital, and the principle of blood relationship between them was quite similar to the patriarchal clan system of ministers, officials and scholars. In the early Zhou Dynasty, enfeoffment of the same surname reflected this principle. After King Kang, the territory of Zhou Dynasty was generally fixed, and the chance of enfeoffment was reduced. Most of the princes except the crown prince stayed in the court as ministers and officials, but enfeoffment did not disappear. Until the 22nd year of King Xuan of Zhou (806 BC), his brother and friends were enfeoffed in Zheng (now east of Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province).

Xiaozong revolved around a large number of people, with officials and officials defending the monarch and vassals defending the king of Zhou. In addition, the marriage links with different surnames constitute a huge network of consanguinity. The rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty hoped to use this relationship to maintain their status and privileges.

Jifu

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the area under the direct control of the king of Zhou was called Wangji. Taking Wangji as the center, it was divided into several costumes according to the geographical distance and the density of dynasty relations, which were collectively called Jifu. According to Guoyu zhouyu, Jifu is divided into five parts. They are Dianfu (Wangji), Houfu (princes granted by the dynasty), Bingfu (fangguofu belongs to the Zhou Dynasty), Yaofu and Huangfu (all remote minorities). There are different opinions about Jifu in other literatures.

Wu Fu had different obligations to the dynasty, and Shi was competent to pay tribute. There is a tribute for Dian Fu at any time, a monthly tribute for Hou Fu, a monthly tribute for bin Fu, and a yearly tribute for bin Fu. If there is a tribute for Huang Fu, the king will only pay tribute once in his life. This kind of stipulation is idealistic, but to a certain extent, it reflects the relationship between Zhou Dynasty and its far and near areas.

Princes

The princes of the Western Zhou Dynasty had the same surname and different surnames. Princes with the same surname, that is, Ji, were in front of those with different surnames in the alliance. Many different surnames were married to the Zhou royal family, such as Jiang, Ren, GUI and Si. In the early Zhou Dynasty, the descendants of the former dynasties were also praised, such as Ji (now Beijing, later Yan), Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan), Qi (now Qixian, Henan) after Yao, and song after Shang. Some of the princes were states of Shang Dynasty, which were recognized by Zhou Dynasty; others were new vassals.

To establish a vassal state, land, mountains and rivers and people should be given, and treasures should be given at the same time, with different levels. According to the traditional view, there are five ranks: Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Nan. From the perspective of land, Gong and Hou are 100 Li, Bo 70 Li and Zi and Nan 50 Li, which are actually three grades. As for the land less than 50 Li, it belongs to the vassal, called vassal. According to the research on the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are five kinds of titles, and there are certain systems, but they are not necessarily so fixed and regular.

Official system

According to the most detailed Zhouli, there were six ministers in charge of several officials in the Zhou Dynasty, including situ, who was in charge of the state religion, and his officials were in charge of the land and people, Xiang Sui, mountains and rivers; Zongbo, who was in charge of the state ceremony, and his officials were in charge of the temple sacrifice, tomb, ritual music, bu Zhu Wu history, Che Qi, and so on; Sima, who was in charge of the state politics, and his officials were in charge of the army, field service, Che Ma, and fengjiang In addition, he also took charge of the punishment, lawsuit, oath, agent, thief, guest and so on. Sikong, because the original text of Zhouli is incomplete, the details are unknown. Most scholars think that Zhouli is too detailed to have such a uniform official system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, compared with the discovered inscriptions, Zhouli is similar in many aspects. According to statistics, the existing official names in Zhouli are 356 officials, and 96 officials are the same or similar to those in Jinwen. It can be seen that there are quite a few elements in Zhouli, which reflect the reality of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to the book of history, King Cheng of Zhou summoned "Rui Bo, Tong Bo, Bi Gong, Wei Hou, Mao Gong, Shi Shi Shi, Hu Chen, Bai Yin and Yu Shi" when he died. In the reign of King Kang, there were "three lefts and three rights" in the small bronze pot, which also referred to the six ministers around the king. The establishment of Liuqing was the center of the official system of the dynasty. The official system of the vassal states was similar to that of the dynasty, but the scale was small, and the official names were mostly the same as those of the dynasty.

Guoye and Xiangsui

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the king of Zhou directly ruled the areas and all the vassal states. The capital city and its outskirts where the king or princes lived are called the Kingdom, and the outskirts are called the wild. The people who lived in the country were Chinese, and the rest were savages. There are different systems between the state and the wild. This difference may be due to the Zhou Dynasty's conquest of various places. The dominant Zhou people were in the state, while the ruled aborigines lived in the wild. The middle school is divided into townships. There are six townships in Zhou, and three townships in the State Council. According to the book of rites of the Zhou Dynasty, the organizational form of the book is as follows: the five families are Bi, the five Bi are Lu, the four Li are ethnic groups, the five ethnic groups are the party, the five parties are the States, and the five states are the townships. There are Township doctors at the township level and leaders at the lower levels. The majority of the Chinese people are the taxi class who have patriarchal clan blood relationship with the nobility. They have the right to discuss politics. When the country encounters great changes, the king or princes should consult them. The talents among them will be selected and recommended. In daily life, Ding Zhuang was obliged to take part in the hunting and military service organized by the state; in case of war, he would take part in the army, or go to war, or guard.

Military system

The military system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was closely related to the division and organization of the state and the wild. The Zhou Dynasty set up six armies, or six divisions, which were composed of Ding Zhuang from six townships. According to Zhouli xiaguansi horse, the military system at that time was as follows: five for the company, 25 for the two, 100 for the soldiers, 500 for the brigade, 2500 for the division and 12500 for the army. The actual situation at that time may not be so regular, but we can see that the six townships and the six army organizations corresponded to each other.

The personnel of the sixth division were recruited in times of war, but they had to be trained regularly in peacetime. The way was to hunt four times a year in the slack season. The hunting was completely organized according to the military organization, which played the role of inspection and training. The six townships of Zhou Dynasty were located in the western part of Zhou Dynasty, so the Sixth Division was called "the sixth division of the west" in the inscriptions. There are also "eight masters of Cheng Zhou" and "eight masters of Yin" in the inscriptions of Jin Dynasty, which may be composed of Zhou people in Cheng Zhou area. Because they are located in the land of Yin Shang, they are called "eight masters of Yin".

There was also a military force in the Zhou Dynasty, that is, Shi's Huchen (a kind of Huben), which was a permanent army composed of selected warriors from the aristocratic children of the state. Shi's Huchen guards the king and guards the palace. His subordinates are slaves of ethnic minorities.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the war was mainly car fight, and the soldiers who cooperated with the car were apprentices. Compared with Shang Dynasty, there were more kinds of weapons, such as spear and halberd. According to Shi Huangyi, as early as when King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty attacked Chong, he had already used tools such as hook aid and Linchong to attack the city. The scale of the war was expanding day by day. Not only Zhou and his vassals, but also some ethnic minorities had strong military strength. As recorded in duoyouding in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou sent troops to fight against Yanyu, and more than 127 chariots were captured in one campaign. It can be seen that Yanyu had a huge vehicle battle team.

Legal system

In Shangshu kanggao, Lizheng and other chapters, Zhou Gongyu recorded that King Wen was able to "be virtuous and cautious in punishment" and stressed that he must be cautious in dealing with punishment and prison, indicating that the Zhou Dynasty paid attention to the role of law. It is said that the law of the Western Zhou Dynasty is called "nine punishments", or "nine punishments". "Shangshu · Lvxing" was written in the time of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty. It records that there were five punishments at that time, such as Mo, Zhe, Gong and Da PI (death penalty). There are as many as 3000 crimes applicable to the five punishments, and the number of fines to be changed in case of doubt and amnesty is stipulated. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the bronze inscriptions recorded the judgment of Bo Yang Fu, who was in charge of the prison lawsuit, on the case of herding cattle. The legal procedures and penalties described in them were basically the same as those in LV Xing.

The law of Western Zhou Dynasty has obvious class nature. According to Zhouli xiaosikou, noble crimes can be dealt with in a special way, that is to say, eight opinions: discussing relatives, discussing past, discussing sages, discussing ability, discussing merit, discussing noble, discussing diligence and discussing guests. Even if the death penalty is to be executed, it should be handed over to the Dian people. As long as it is a husband or wife who has an official rank, it is not necessary to appear in court in person in prison proceedings.

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