From the founding of the people's Republic of China in Shang Dynasty to the reign of Pan Geng, the capital was moved four times. From 1312 B.C. to 1285 B.C., Yang Jia died, and his younger brother pan Geng succeeded to the throne. In order to solve the internal disputes of the royal family, he decided to move the capital from Yan (today's Qufu in Shandong Province) to Yin (today's northwest Anyang in Henan Province), but it was opposed by many businessmen. Pan Geng used religion to deter and intimidate the merchants. He said that all the kings had moved their capitals several times according to the will of the emperor. I also divined, "Bu Ji said," it's like a platform. "Therefore, the plan of moving the capital was approved by the emperor, not my personal will. Obey the will of the emperor, or God will punish the souls of your ancestors. The merchants did not dare to disobey the emperor's will and moved to Yin with Pan Geng. From then on, he settled down until the fall of Zhou of Shang Dynasty. There were eight dynasties and 12 kings, accounting for 273 years.
Yin was the capital of the late Shang Dynasty from 1300 B.C. to 1046 B.C., and it was also the earliest capital in Chinese history. Pan Geng's move to Yin was a great progress in history, though he put on a coat of divinity. After Shang moved to Yin, politics improved, society was relatively stable, and economy and culture developed greatly. Pan Geng's move to Yin became an important turning point in Shang Dynasty. After the destruction of Yin by King Wu of Zhou Dynasty in the 11th century B.C., the city of Yin gradually became desolate. After a long time, it became ruins and was gradually buried in the ground. It took 273 years from Pan Geng's moving to Yin Dynasty to Shang Xin's (Zhou's) subjugation. The whole Shang Dynasty is also called Shang Yin or Yin Shang. Since the Yin Ruins were excavated, a large number of precious cultural relics have been unearthed from the tombs, most of which are bronzes and pottery. Si Mu Wu Fang Yi is a precious bronze ware of Shang Dynasty, which can be called the world's largest and the largest bronze ware in the world. More than 15000 oracle bone inscriptions have been unearthed in the Yin Ruins, which is the earliest writing found in China, reflecting the historical facts of the high development of Yin Shang culture.
From the founding of the people's Republic of China in Shang Dynasty to the reign of Pan Geng, the capital was moved four times. From 1312 B.C. to 1285 B.C., Yang Jia died, and his younger brother pan Geng succeeded to the throne. In order to solve the internal disputes of the royal family, he decided to move the capital from Yan (today's Qufu in Shandong Province) to Yin (today's northwest Anyang in Henan Province), but it was opposed by many businessmen. Pan Geng used religion to deter and intimidate the merchants. He said that all the kings had moved their capitals several times according to the will of the emperor. I also divined, "Bu Ji said," it's like a platform. "Therefore, the plan of moving the capital was approved by the emperor, not my personal will. Obey the will of the emperor, or God will punish the souls of your ancestors. The merchants did not dare to disobey the emperor's will and moved to Yin with Pan Geng. From then on, he settled down until the fall of Zhou of Shang Dynasty. There were eight dynasties and 12 kings, accounting for 273 years.
Yin was the capital of the late Shang Dynasty from 1300 B.C. to 1046 B.C., and it was also the earliest capital in Chinese history. Pan Geng's move to Yin was a great progress in history, though he put on a coat of divinity. After Shang moved to Yin, politics improved, society was relatively stable, and economy and culture developed greatly. Pan Geng's move to Yin became an important turning point in Shang Dynasty. After the destruction of Yin by King Wu of Zhou Dynasty in the 11th century B.C., the city of Yin gradually became desolate. After a long time, it became ruins and was gradually buried in the ground. It took 273 years from Pan Geng's moving to Yin Dynasty to Shang Xin's (Zhou's) subjugation. The whole Shang Dynasty is also called Shang Yin or Yin Shang. Since the Yin Ruins were excavated, a large number of precious cultural relics have been unearthed from the tombs, most of which are bronzes and pottery. Si Mu Wu Fang Yi is a precious bronze ware of Shang Dynasty, which can be called the world's largest and the largest bronze ware in the world. More than 15000 oracle bone inscriptions have been unearthed in the Yin Ruins, which is the earliest writing found in China, reflecting the historical facts of the high development of Yin Shang culture.
When Shang Tang was founded in Shang Dynasty, the earliest state capital was Bo. In the next three hundred years, the capital moved five times. This is because the royal family often competed for the throne, resulting in civil strife. In addition, the lower Yellow River often suffered from floods. Once a flood flooded the capital, so they had to move.
From Shang Tang, twenty kings were passed on, and the throne passed to pan Geng. Pan Geng was a capable monarch. In order to change the social instability at that time, he decided to move the capital again.
However, most of the nobles are greedy for comfort and are unwilling to move. Some powerful nobles also incited the common people to fight against it. In the face of powerful opposition, pan Geng did not waver in his determination to move the capital. He called the nobles who opposed the move of the capital and patiently persuaded them: "I want you to move because you want to stabilize our country. Not only do you not understand my pains, but you have senseless panic. You can't change my mind. "
Pan Geng insisted on moving the capital, defeated the opposition forces, and finally took the civilians and slaves across the Yellow River and moved to Yin (now Xiaotun village in Anyang, Henan Province). There, the politics of the Shang Dynasty were rectified, and the declining Shang Dynasty was revived. For more than 200 years, the capital was not moved. So Shang Dynasty is also called Yin Shang, or Yin Dynasty.
Since then, after more than 3000 years, the capital of Shang Dynasty has long been in ruins. In modern times, a large number of ancient relics have been excavated in the area of Xiaotun village in Anyang, proving that it was the site of the capital of Shang Dynasty, which is called "Yin Ruins".
Among the relics excavated from the Yin Ruins, there are more than 100000 pieces of tortoise shells and animal bones, on which inscriptions are hard to recognize. It was only after the study of archaeologists that these characters were made clear. It turns out that the ruling class of Shang Dynasty was very superstitious in ghosts and gods. They used tortoise shells and animal bones to predict whether they were lucky or not when they were sacrificing, hunting and going out on the expedition. After divination, the situation and the result of divination were engraved on tortoise shells and animal bones. This kind of writing is very different from today's writing. Later it was called "oracle bone inscriptions". Now the Chinese characters we use are evolved from oracle bone inscriptions.
Among the relics excavated in the Yin Ruins, a large number of bronze utensils and weapons were also found, with many kinds and exquisite workmanship. Simuwu square tripod weighs 875kg and is more than 130cm high. It is also carved with magnificent patterns. Such a large bronze shows that in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the level of steel smelting technology and art was very high. But it can also be imagined that such a huge and exquisite cauldron is permeated with the blood and sweat of many slaves!
Archaeologists also excavated the tombs of the slave owners of the Shang Dynasty. In a large tomb of King Shang in Wuyuan village of Anyang, in addition to a large number of luxurious funerary objects such as pearls and precious jade, many slaves were killed and buried alive. In the passage beside the tomb, there are many headless bones on one side and many skulls on the other. According to the inscriptions on the oracle bone inscriptions, they sacrificed their ancestors and slaughtered slaves in large numbers as offerings, with the largest number reaching more than 2600. This is the evidence of the cruel persecution of slaves by slave owners.
From the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed from the Yin Ruins, we have a more conclusive research on the social situation of the Shang Dynasty. Therefore, the earliest recorded history in China began in the Shang Dynasty.
