Not only was there such a reappointment between the king and his ministers, but the nobles also had the same ceremony for their officials. Mao Yin: "Bai hulingmao said: Dai naixian and Kao died in the office of the secretary. In the past, his father died in the office of the secretary. He took my family and mourned. Today, I dare not dream of my father, but I dare to be an official. Today, I want my daughter to die in the palace of the secretary. I dare not be bad." (Bai Chuanjing, 1969a: 317) many of the inscriptions can't be read through, but the main idea is that Waibo appointed Mao to succeed his ancestors and manage the land and people.
The ceremony of appointing officials is not necessarily straightforward. At least one of the inscriptions recorded the change of appointment, Mu Yin, Mu served as an official in the former king's time, but in the new book of the present King, Mu's task was changed to supervise Bai Liao (Bai Chuanjing, 1967b: 364). It is also possible that the official positions of the same person will increase or decrease in the hands of the king of the same week. In the first year, Shi Dui wrote an inscription, which recorded that his job was to serve as the assistant of Shi Yu's father, in charge of left and right horses and Wuyi horses. However, the inscription made in three years only says that Shidui was the assistant of Shiyu's father and also in charge of zouma (Bai Chuanjing, 1970b: 752759). Shidui may be promoted from the position of managing the three branches to the position of managing the branches. Another division was appointed as the assistant musician in charge of Xiaotie (Bai Chuanjing, 1969a: 335) in the first time of the strategy. In the second strategy, besides Xiaohe, the musical instruments he managed were drum bells (Bai Chuanjing, 1970b: 770). In both cases, it was said that the appointed master inherited the position of his ancestors. It's hard to explain unless your ancestors went through the same process of promotion. Shixi and Xun were both ordered to inherit the position of their ancestors and manage several military units. The objects they made were all Yibo, but Shixi called Yibo wenkao and Wenji Wenqi. The relationship between Shi Xi and Xun is not father and son, but uncle and nephew. Seven of the military units under their command are the same, but eight of their subordinates are not in the West Division. It's hard to decide what the original position of Uncle Yi was, and it's hard to say which one he inherited.
The above examples only show the difference between the rank and the rank of similar positions. There is also the same person who once worked in a totally different kind of work, and he still thinks that he inherited his grandfather. In the inscription of Dun Ding, it is recorded that the duty of CE Ming is "if it is said to be" Dun, Ling Nu Geng Nai and Si Bu Shi "(Bai Chuanjing, 1968b: 115); in the ladle, CE Ming is" Geng Nai and Kao Zha Zhong and Si Tu Yu Cheng Zhou Ba Shi "(ditto: 148). It is hard to say that all the officials who were transferred from Dabu to Chengzhou eighth division experienced the same process of promotion. Another possibility is that the so-called duty of inheriting ancestors has become a cliche in official documents. In the past, there was only form left. The era of Dao was around the time of King Xiaowang. Shixi was born in the time of King Yiwang, Xun was born in the time of King liwang, and Shixi was born in the time of King liwang. About this time, personnel transfer had been used flexibly (CHO yuu Hsu, 1966:519-520). One of the inscriptions recorded Wang's "scorning calendar" of the man before CE Ming. Tu Chen said: "Wang scorned the calendar, and Shi Mao was exempt Chassi Gong. " (Bai Chuanjing, 1968:456) the meaning of disdaining calendar has been seen in the previous chapter, which can be interpreted as reviewing his qualifications and experience, which is an indispensable procedure in the personnel system. Mian was also a man in the era of King Yi. If not by chance, the system of world officials would have been changed into the system of appointed officials in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The tussah bell of Yili's time: "master Zhong, you tussah, you tussah Yi Zai Zhu Huang, the official of wuyidian people To master Yang Zhong (Bai Chuanjing, 1971:899) tussah was a crown official and accepted the king's order. Master Zhong took part in the ceremony and stood on the right side of tussah. He should be the recommender or superior of tussah. The tussah's ware was "to praise master Zhong Xiu" instead of "to praise Wang Xiu", which was not in accordance with the custom of praising the bronze ware. This kind of situation may be due to the fact that Wang zhenglingyi is in charge of the government, or because the world official system is on the verge of collapse, the candidates for office must be recommended, appreciated and evaluated by others. Therefore, the official recipients are very grateful to this benefactor.
There are some evidences in the bronze inscriptions, which show that the government of the Western Zhou Dynasty had quite professional subordinates (CHO Yun Hsu, 1966:520-521). In the earlier part of this chapter, we have quoted "Jiugao" in Shangshu: "Hou, Dian, Nan, Wei; Yu Tai Shi you, Nei Shi you, Yue Xian Chen Bai Zong Gong." Master Ding: "Wang Hu's internal history book orders master He is the official friend of his father. " "You" can be interpreted as a friend who goes in and out of a friend, a common people with the same family name, or a servant (Liu Jiahe, 1981:129). The "friends" of these two places, in the joint speech between Lingyi and "Liao", also mentioned the organization of qingshiliao: "Jia August Chen was in Jiashen, the king ordered the Duke of Zhou Mingbao and Yin to do three things, the Qing Shiliao and Dinghai ordered him to sue Zhougong palace for a long time, and the Duke ordered him to do things with qingshiliao. In the Ming Dynasty, as for Cheng Zhou, Ling, she San Shi Ling, Qing Shi Liao, zhe Yin, Li Jun, Bai Gong, zhe Hou, Hou Tian Nan, she Sifang Ling, namely Xian Ling. Jiashen, Ming public sacrifice in the palace, Yiyou, sacrifice in the palace, Xianji, sacrifice in the king. Ming Gong belongs to the king. In Ming Dynasty, Yi Kang, the master of Yi Kang, said to use it, while Yi Ling, the master of Yi Kang, said to use it. Nailing said, "now I only want two women to be friends with nailiao." (Bai Chuanjing, 1964:276-303) Ming Bao, the officer of the Yi nationality, was ordered to preside over "three affairs" and "four directions". The three things refer to the government, and the four sides refer to the places outside the central government. When the Duke of Ming went to Chengzhou east to preside over the ceremony, he first ordered his subordinates to go out of Beijing to meet with Qing Shiliao. In Cheng Zhou Dynasty, Ming Bao followed the king's orders in two groups of officials, namely, three orders were used to govern the ministers, the officials (Yin), the local leaders (Lijun) and the officials (Baigong) of the eastern capital, and four orders were used to govern the princes, including Marquis, Tian and men. At the end of the ceremony, the Duke of Ming ordered Kang Yujiu to be responsible for the work of his staff and friends. In the last paragraph, nailiao naiyou was about his own staff, while the former minister Shiliao was a member of the royal government (equivalent to the Secretariat). Because of the special task of Mingbao, these staff and friends also had to report their work to him. It is not far from the beginning of Zhou Dynasty. The Western Zhou government had quite complicated organizations. As far as Qing Shiliao is concerned, Yin, who was born later than Ling Yi, also said: "Pi Xianhuang and Kao, mu Muke swore that Jue de should be strict, Guangqi Jue's grandson should be strict, and Dafu should be strict. Fan Sheng didn't dare to be a commander in chief of Jing Huang, and he didn't want to take Yuande as an exam. He used the imperial edict, and Wang Li was loyal to the emperor. If you are not virtuous, you can remonstrate with others. Wang linggong, Qing Shi, and Da Shicha. " (photo 40) (Bai Chuanjing, 1969b: 424) fan Sheng was also a high-ranking minister. He could not only regard himself as a harmonious minister (Dafu), but also call himself a prime minister. His job is to be in charge of the affairs of gongzu and Qingshi and taishiliao. Probably because fan Sheng was a royal family, he had the status of a patriarch. The term "Qing Shi Liao" and "Tai Shi Liao" may refer to the two separate units of Qing Shi Liao and "Tai Shi Liao". In the later Ming Dynasty of Mao Gong, Qing Shiliao and Tai Shiliao had been clearly separated: "father, today I am only ordered by the king, and my daughter is in charge of our country and my family Good effect is friendship. Wang said, "my father has already said that Yu Qing is the Minister of affairs, and Da Shi Liao is the Minister of history. Yu Fu is Yin. He has ordered his daughter to be a member of the Si Gong clan, and there are three members of the Si clan, the Xiao Zi clan, the Shi clan, and the Huchen clan. I am the Minister of affairs, and I am the king of my clan." (Bai Chuanjing, 1970a: 680) Duke Mao was ordered to preside over liangliao, reflecting that there were two sets of staff organizations in the outer and inner dynasties in the Zhou Dynasty. Liaoyou is today's "civil servant". In the book of songs, the north gate of Yingfeng: "from the north gate, I am worried and anxious, and I am poor. I don't know if I am in trouble. What is it? What is it. The king's affairs suit me, and the government's affairs benefit me. I went in and out, and all the people in the room condemned me. What is it, what is it. I am encouraged by Wang's affairs and left behind by political affairs. I went in and out, and the people in the room beat me up. What is it, what is it This is about the exclamation of civil servants. They will not be such figures as fan Sheng and Mao Gong, nor will they be the principal officials of "Yin" and "Zheng". They can only be subordinates, a group of "executive" personnel. The affairs of the government are becoming more and more complicated. It is impossible to be governed by some senior officials of the aristocracy alone. The emergence of staff and friends organizations is just a response to the increasing complexity of political affairs. The division of one subordinate system into two reflects the increasing expansion of government organizations.
Taishiliao was naturally derived from the Historiographer system. The work of historiographers, regardless of their religious functions (such as Zhu Zong's divination of History) or recording functions (such as the duty of holding a Book), represents traditional knowledge and the ability to master knowledge. Yin was the master of China in the Zhou Dynasty, and the historians of Yin still served the royal family with their knowledge. Generally speaking, Bai Chuanjing is right in his opinion that the historian is a Yin Legacy (Bai Chuanjing, 1973:3-68). It is not difficult for such staff members to form a hereditary subordinate group, which belongs to the post and not to the individual. Master Ding, "Yong is my father's official friend" (Bai Chuanjing, 1968:517), just because he inherited the official position, he also inherited his father's subordinates.
The genealogy of historiographers in the Zhou Dynasty may have originated even before the Yin Dynasty. In Guoyu, guanshefu narrates the origin of Zhuzong. The former is "able to know the name of mountains and rivers, the Lord of Gaozu, the affairs of ancestral temple, and the world of Zhaomu"; the latter is "able to know the life of four seasons, sacrificial objects, jade and silk, etc
Yi's instrument is the quantity of Yi's utensils, the degree of the second master, the position of screen photography, the place of the altar, the God of the upper and lower levels, and the origin of the surname. In fact, these positions are the work of historians. I wish Zong Bu Shi Lianyan, not for no reason. Guan shefu Yi goes on to describe the system of Zhu Zong from Yao to Xia and Shang Dynasties. In the Zhou Dynasty, Cheng Bo Xiu's father was his descendant. It is said that "when he was king Xuan, he lost his official guard and became Sima's family.". "Daya Changwu" in the book of Songs: "Wang called Yin family and ordered uncle Cheng Xiu's father to control Chen Xing and give up my division." In the poem, uncle Cheng Xiu's father, although he was in charge of the division, was Yin's official position. Wang Guowei pointed out that NEISHI Yin and Zuoce Yin were only called Yin family, and they were respected by their position. Chen Mengjia thought that Yin was the head of the Historiographer system. All of them have been mentioned above. His father, Cheng Bo Xiu, was the commander of the Historiographer, so he made his father feel that he had lost his official position. From Cheng Bo's example, on the one hand, we can see the long-term origin of the Historiographer's official position, on the other hand, we can see the gradual collapse of the official system in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. As mentioned earlier in this paper, the case of Daoshi Zhangbu is the same as that of Cheng Bo. The separation of taishiliao and qingsinai and the system of historiographers were divided into three parts: great history, internal history and Zuozi, and finally the internal history was the most powerful. This phenomenon makes the hereditary historiographer in the position of staff gain unprecedented influence in the actual government affairs. It is not surprising that some of the members were transferred from Zhu Zongbu to Qing Shang.
In the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is common to list in detail the tasks of the new official, including not only his position, but also his affairs. Many examples have been cited in the previous section of this paper. The nature of the tasks varies from administrative to military, from permanent to temporary. Even if they inherited the work of their ancestors, they still took the trouble to list, for example, the military units under the command of Qian Ju Shi Xi and Xun, one by one. If a political organization has been quite institutionalized, and a person holds a certain post, his power and responsibility department are already in the regulations, so I don't bother to repeat them again and again. On the other hand, there were three departments in the Western Zhou government It seems that there is a general agreement on the scope and nature of the official's work. The appointment of a person often includes many unrelated official positions. At the same time, officials in the Historiographer system, as mentioned in the previous section, can be transferred to other jobs, so the division of duties is obviously not as important as the factor of "people". Generally speaking, the Western Zhou Dynasty gradually evolved from the official system to institutionalization, and the government organization of the dynasty became more and more definite. However, this process was not completed, and the rule of the Western Zhou Dynasty was over. The above transition and mixture can not be avoided in the documents of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The inscription of Mao Gong Ding was recorded above, in which "my country" and "my family" were juxtaposed. It can be seen that in the minds of people at that time, the state and the royal family could not be equated. The division between the palace and the mansion was clearly defined in the Han Dynasty. The Chief Secretary of agriculture is in charge of the state finance, while the minor government is in charge of the Royal finance. Mao Gong Ding Ming divided the state and family into two units, which was the origin of the concept of Han Dynasty. Cai Yinming recorded Cai Ren's "Zai". In the ceremony of CE Ming, there was another Zaidan Xiangli, with the inscription: "Wang Ruo said: Zhai. In the past, the former king ordered the female zazazai to take charge of the king's family. Today, I'm still in charge. I'm in charge of women's bailing. I'm in charge of all the time. I don't dare but don't hear it. If you go in and out of Jiang's order, you'll see it again, and you'll order it again. You don't have to sue first. You don't have to dare to sue again. You don't have to be good at serving Jiang's people. You don't have to dare to stop from prison. " (Bai Chuanjing, 1968b: 101-107) at that time, Tsai () had already taken the post of "Tsai" as early as the end of the king's reign, and his task was "the king's family". This shows that Tsai and Tsai were not in the same position, but in the same time. The appointment of the king today is also to order the division of labor and cooperation between Dan and CAI to manage the "outside" and "inside" of the Wang family. In the following, the nature of CAI's work is clearly defined as the order of the queen Jiang's, the cashier, to manage the hundred workers. If someone wants to see the queen Jiang's, he must go through CAI. Cai is also responsible for supervising the "Jiang's people" - the concubines of the hundred workers in the palace. In Benming's work as the second prime minister, Dao's is a great prime minister or a prime minister, while Cai's is an internal prime minister or a palace prime minister. "Yueling" in the book of Rites: "in the middle of winter, I ordered Yin Shengong to examine the gate and the room, and I would close it again." Zheng's note: "in Zhou Dynasty, Yan Yin was the chief of the internal affairs. He was in charge of the internal affairs palace of the king. He went in and out and opened and closed several times." It is consistent with the nature of CAI's work (Guo Moruo, 1957:103). CAI was the empress of Yixiao, earlier than MaoGong Ding, but in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the division of labor between Dazai and Neizai symbolized the difference between the state and the royal family.
Mao Gong Ding Ming has Qing Shi Liao and Tai Shi Liao appear at the same time. As Chen Mengjia said, the division of the Historiographer system made the internal history part the most powerful institution (see the previous part of this chapter). The Ming Dynasty Bao Qing Shi Liao and "she San Shi Ling" in the inscriptions of Ling Yi indicate that Qing Shi Liao should be the subordinate of the three affairs. On the other hand, the Historiographer became a private official of the king because he was always around the king. Qing Shi Cha was supposed to be the staff of the so-called "Fu Zhong" in Han Dynasty, while Tai Shi Liao was the system of "Gong Zhong". In Chinese history, there is a distinction between the inner Dynasty and the outer Dynasty. The trend of the evolution of the whole Chinese government system was that the inner court gradually seized the power of the outer court. In fact, the division between the Imperial Palace and the Imperial Palace, and the rise of the Imperial Palace, began in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
