This book was first included in "Sui Shu · Jing Ji Zhi", entitled "written by Jiang Wang, the teacher of King Wen of Zhou Dynasty". Jiang Wang is Lu Wang. But since the Song Dynasty, it has been questioned. From the analysis of the book's content, style of writing and cultural relics unearthed in recent years, we can roughly conclude that LiuTao is an ancient book in the Warring States period. The book consists of six volumes and sixty chapters. The content of Liu Tao is very extensive, involving almost all the issues related to war and other aspects. The most wonderful part is its strategic and tactical theory.
It is said that the book was written by Taigong Wang (i.e. LV Shang and Jiang Ziya) in the early Zhou Dynasty. The whole book is compiled in the form of Taigong's dialogue with King Wen and King Wu. There was a record in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, the National Library Catalogue of the Western Han Dynasty, which said: "there are 237 Taigong, including 81 Mou, 71 Yan and 85 Bing." Ban Gu noted that "Lv Wang was the father of Zhou Shishang, who was originally a Taoist." Shen Qin and Han of Qing Dynasty said: those who plot are Taigong's conspiracy, those who speak are Taigong's golden chamber, and those who fight are Taigong's art of war. However, since the Southern Song Dynasty, Taigong LiuTao has been suspected to be a fake book, especially in the Qing Dynasty. However, in April 1972, a large number of bamboo slips were found in the Han Tombs in Yinqueshan, Linyi, Shandong Province, including more than 50 pieces of Taigong. This proves that Taigong had been widely spread at least in the Western Han Dynasty, and the theory of fake books was broken. It is generally believed that this book was written in the Warring States period.
Introduction
The content of Liu Tao is very extensive, involving almost all the issues related to war and other aspects. The most wonderful part is its strategic and tactical theory. Wei CE Yi, Vol. 22 of the Warring States strategy: "Su Zi quoted the book of Zhou as saying:" it's endless, what can man do? If you don't pull a hair out, it will be a piece of cake. What can we do if we are uncertain before and have great trouble after? " Suzi is Suqin. ZhouShu here refers to Taigong Jinkui or Taigong conspiracy. Volume 6 and volume 11 of Kaiyuan ZHANJING quoted Shangshu Jingui. According to Yan Kejun quoted in Yao Zhenzong's textual research of Sui Shu Jingji, Taigong Jingui, it is said: "doubt is the synonym of Taigong Jingui."
"Warring States strategy" Volume 3 "Qin strategy": "(Su Qin) got Taigong Yinfu's plan, Fu and recite it, concise thought guess." "The plot of Taigong's Yinfu", and "the Yinfu of ZhouShu" in Shiji · biography of Suqin. The interpretation of Zhuangzi · Xu Wugui quoted Sima Biao and Cui as saying: "Jin ban and Liu Zhen are the titles of Zhou Shu." "Yinqueshan Han tomb bamboo slips" also holds that: "Taigong's book, also known as ZhouShu in ancient times", and adduces evidence to say: "in Dunhuang manuscript LiuTao, there is a piece of Zhouzhi 28 countries, which is similar to ZhouShu Shiji. The ancient books quoted from ZhouShu are quite different from Taigong's LiuTao, Qiaoji and Jinkui (see volume 7 of Quan Shang Gu San Dai Wen by Yan Kejun).
The so-called "book of Zhou" in Lu's spring and Autumn Annals may also refer to the book of Taigong. " (in Yan Kejun's case, Yin Fu is the plot of Yin Fu. In the Warring States policy, Su and Qin got the plot of Taigong Yinfu, and Shiji wrote Yinfu in ZhouShu, which is 81 chapters of Taigong Mou in Hanzhi. It is said that the "book of Zhou" is a chronicle of the historiographers of the Zhou Dynasty, and it is also called the history of the Zhou Dynasty in "six Taos". The Yinfu (Yin Fu), or "ZhouShu" (Zhou Shu), was quoted from ZhouShu, but it was not yizhoushu. At the end of Taigong's record, he was in and out of LiuTao, conspiracy, and golden chamber, so it's easy to see him again. )
There are two volumes in Taigong Jinkui, Sui Shu Jingji Zhi, Yilin, Jiu Tang Shu Jingji Zhi and Tongzhi Lue.
Taigong conspiracy, Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi: Taigong conspiracy Volume I (Liang Volume VI). Liang also has three volumes of Taigong conspiracy, which is explained by Emperor Wu of Wei. " There are three volumes in the book of the old Tang Dynasty, the book of classics, the book of the new Tang Dynasty, the book of art and literature, and the book of Tongzhi, the book of art and literature
Although Taigong Jingui and Taigong conspiracy were first recorded in Sui Shu Jingji Zhi, they were actually recorded in qilue and Han Shu Yiwen Zhi. "Military strategy · military strategy" in "Han Shu · Yi Wen Zhi": there are 13 military strategies, 259 articles Xiaozhu said: "there are 259 kinds of" Yiyin "," Taigong "," Guanzi "," sunqingzi "," wuguanzi "," Suzi "," Kuai Tong "," Lujia "and" king of Huainan "in the province, and simafa is included in the ceremony."
"Zhuzi Lue" in "Hanshu · Yiwenzhi" of the National Library Catalogue of the Western Han Dynasty: 237 pieces of "Taigong". (LV Wang was the father of Zhou Shishang, who was originally a Taoist. Or in modern times, they think that the number of Taigong practitioners has increased.) There are 81 chapters in the book of stratagem, 71 chapters in the book of speech, and 85 chapters in the book of soldiers. " Shen Qin and Han of Qing Dynasty said: those who plot are Taigong's conspiracy, those who speak are Taigong's golden chamber, and those who fight are Taigong's art of war.
It is no doubt that part of the content of "Bing Quan Mou" comes from "Tai Gong" recorded in "Qi Lue". Gu Shi said: "for example, there are 81 chapters in taigongmou, 85 chapters in Bing, and there are 259 chapters in Guanzi, the art of war, canbing, Xunzi, Yibing and binglue in Huainan." It has been proved by predecessors that "Mou" described in Hanshu Yiwenzhi is "conspiracy", that is "Taigong conspiracy", that "Yan" is "Taigong Golden Chamber", and that "Bing" is "Taigong art of war", or "LiuTao" and "Taigong LiuTao".
Qian Dazhao said, "as far as 237 chapters of Mou, Yan and Bing are concerned, the general name of Taigong is the same." Shen Qin and Han said: "those who are good at saying are the conspiracy of Taigong, and those who are good at saying are the Golden Chamber of Taigong. They are all called "dadaiji · Jianzuo", "lvlan", "Xinshu", "Huainan" and "Shuoyuan". The author of "Bing" is "Taigong's art of war", and "Shuoyuan Zhiwu" quotes "Taigong's art of war." Gu Shi said: "there are many kinds of Taigong books in Sui, Tangzhi and Tongzhi, only LiuTao is in tongkao, Zhuangzi is called Jinban LiuYao, and Huainanzi is also called Jinbao Tao."
There is another "six chapters in the history of Zhou Dynasty" in "zhuzilue · Confucianists" in "Hanshu · Yiwenzhi", with a small note: "between Hui and Xiang, or during the time of emperor Xianwang, or Confucius asked Yan." Yan shigu thought that "it's the present LiuTao." The librarian of Siku didn't think so. He thought it was two kinds of books. Shen Tao's essays on the bronze iron studio in Qing Dynasty proves that "Liuzhen" in the annals of Han Dynasty should be "DAHAO". In Zhuangzi Zeyang, Zhongni asks Yu Taishi, and DAHAO is this person. "Today's" LiuTao "should be within 237 chapters of" Taigong. " Yao Zhenzong thought in his textual research on the classics and records of Sui Dynasty that "this certificate is extremely precise." It can be seen that Taigong's golden chamber, Taigong's conspiracy, Taigong's art of war or LiuTao all come from Taigong.
In Shiji, Qi Taigong aristocratic family, it is said that "Zhou Xi's BoChang's Tuo Li belonged to LV Shang's conspiracy to cultivate morality and to incline to commerce and politics, which involved many military powers and intrigues. Therefore, the later generations' Yan Bing and Zhou's Yin power were all based on Taigong's conspiracy." In volume 11 of the book of trapped learning, ye mengde said: "his theory is based on Liu Tao." In the volume of "rat Pu" written by Dai Yu of Song Dynasty, "it is said that King Wen and Taigong conspired to pursue business and politics, and that they had many military and military stratagems. However, it is noted in the Hanshu Yiwenzhi that" Lv Wang was the father of Zhou Shang, who was originally a Taoist, or was increased by the Taigong of modern times. " In the Han Dynasty, it was doubted, but now it's time for Youke to learn to be serious? " In volume 5 of the chronicle of Chunzhu written by he Juan of the Song Dynasty, the ancient book tuoming, it is said that "Liu Tao" was not written by Taigong, and there is textual research in it. " In the Ming Dynasty Hu Yinglin's Si Bu Zheng e, it is said that in the Han annals, there is Liu Zhen. At the beginning, it was not said that Taigong came out, but his book was written and died at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the people who talked about soldiers gathered the rest, that is, Sui annals and Liu Tao
In the book of historical records, the family of liuhou states that Zhang Liang was given a book by his father, "the book is regarded as Taigong's art of war." The former quotation of "Warring States strategy · Qin strategy" records Su Qin's "Taigong Yinfu's strategy". It seems conservative to regard Taigong as a work of Chu and Han Dynasties. Historically, some scholars judged it as a work of Warring States according to the content of LiuTao.
Liu Tao, Volume 46 of Xi Xue Ji Yan, written by Ye Shi of Song Dynasty, said: "it was after the Warring States period that his words avoided the main hall, and that they were fixed after Sun Tzu." Volume 5 of the chronicle of trapped learning: "in ancient times, there was a car fight. In the spring and Autumn period, there were apprentice soldiers in Zheng and Jin Dynasties, and cavalry cover began at the beginning of the Warring States period. There were motorcycles in front of Quli. In LiuTao, it is said that cavalry war should be written on weekends. "
In 1972, the bamboo slips unearthed from the Shanxi Han tombs of Yinque in Linyi, Shandong Province. Some of the bamboo slips, which are basically the same as the current edition of LiuTao, are considered to be LiuTao. There are 14 groups in Yinqueshan's LiuTao, which can be divided into three categories. Group 1-7 is the first type, which is found in the biographical version of Liu Tao, group 4 in Wen Tao and group 3 in Wu Tao. Group 8-13 belongs to the second category, all of which are the lost articles of qunshuzhiyao, Tongdian, taipingyulan and other books that have been cited but are not found in the biography. The 14 groups belong to the third category, which are scattered and fragmentary bamboo slips. Their style and font are similar to those of the first and second categories. The bamboo slips also refer to Wenwang or taigongwang, so they belong to the bamboo slips LiuTao.
In 1973, some bamboo slips were found in the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty at No. 40 bajiaolang, Dingxian County, Hebei Province. There are many characters on the bamboo slips, such as Wen Wang, Wu Wang Wen and Tai Gong Yue, which are the same or similar to the content of today's Liu Tao. In particular, the font of the bamboo slips is different from other bamboo slips, and the style of the bamboo slips is inferior to other bamboo slips. These bamboo slips were called "Taigong" in the early period, and later named "LiuTao". The fifth issue of cultural relics in 2001 published the explanations of these bamboo slips. According to the type, content and typeface of the bamboo slips, there are 144 bamboo slips with 1402 characters in total, and 13 titles are found in the bamboo slips.
According to the coins unearthed from the two Han Tombs in Yinqueshan and the annals of yuanguangyuan unearthed from tomb No. 2, it is inferred that tomb No. 1 was buried between 140 and 118 BC, and tomb No. 2 was buried between 134 and 118 BC. The bamboo slips from the Han Tombs in Yinqueshan should have been copied earlier than the tombs. Yinqueshan bamboo slips belong to the early official script, which should have been written in the Western Han Dynasty from Wenjing to the beginning of Emperor Wu. The owner of the Han tomb at No.40 bajiaolang in Dingzhou is Liu Xiu, King Huai of Zhongshan. Liu Xiu died in 55 B.C., so the book LiuTao of Dingzhou bamboo slips must have been written earlier than that time. Yinqueshan and Dingzhou bamboo slips also show that LiuTao was widely spread in the early Western Han Dynasty, and its completion time was certainly earlier. The characters in Yinqueshan's LiuTao do not avoid the taboo of the Han Emperor, such as the word "bang" of Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, the word "Heng" of Liu Heng, Emperor Wendi of the Han Dynasty, and so on. Dingzhou bamboo slips also do not avoid the word "Heng" of Liu Heng, Emperor Wendi of the Han Dynasty, which proves that LiuTao was written before the Han Dynasty.
"Wang Liang" is mentioned in Dingzhou bamboo slips "LiuTao". Wang Liang is a good horse keeper of Jin State in the spring and Autumn period. It is mentioned in Mencius tengwengong Xia and Xunzi wangba, which should be before the early spring and Autumn period.
Tao Xian once commented on Yi Wen Zhi of Han Dynasty, saying: "there are 259 pieces of Yi Yin, Tai Gong, Guan Zi, sun Qingzi, Wu Guanzi, Su Zi, Kuai Tong, Lu Jia, and the king of Huainan in the province, the most important of which covers the following nine pieces of Yi Yin in Qi Lue The total number of articles is 259. " The author once said that there was no strategist in the pre Qin period. During the Warring States period, war was the main content of various national political thoughts and doctrines. Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and other scholars all had their own military books. LiuTao or Taigong's art of war is undoubtedly the part of Taigong's military books. Taigong was written by King Wen, King Wu and Taigong. Taigong LV Wang was the military commander of the Zhou People's war against commerce and was granted the title of Qi state. Therefore, Taigong was written by Qi state. Taigong is a work of Qi in the Warring States period.
In a word, Taigong's golden chamber, Taigong's conspiracy, Taigong's art of war or LiuTao are all contents of Taigong, which is a work of Qi State in Warring States period.
Book catalogue
The six Taos, with the titles of Wen, Wu, long, Hu, Bao and dog, is a volume with 61 chapters and nearly 20000 words.
Volume I
Wentao is divided into twelve chapters: Wenshi [6], Yingxu, state affairs, Dali, Mingfu, liushou, Shoutu, Shouguo, Shangxian, Juxian, reward and punishment, and BingDao. It mainly discusses how to enrich the country's actual strength and prepare for war in material and spiritual aspects. For example, at home, we should first enrich the country and strengthen the people, educate and train the people so that they can unite as one and share a common hatred with the enemy; at abroad, we should grasp the situation of the enemy and keep our own secrets, so as to be invincible.
Volume two
Wu Tao is divided into five chapters: FA Qi, Wen Qi, Wen Sha, Shun Qi, and San Yi. Some editions put "Bing Dao" before "San Yi". This volume mainly deals with the strategies of gaining political power and fighting against the enemy. It emphasizes that before fighting, we must know the situation of both sides of the enemy like the palm of our hand, make comparison, and overcome the enemy's shortcomings with our own strengths in order to win.
Volume three
Longtao is divided into thirteen chapters: Wang Yi, Lun Jiang, Xuan Jiang, Zhu Jiang, Jiang Wei, Li Jun, Yin Fu, Yin Shu, Junshi, Qibing, Wuyin, Bingzheng and nongqi. It mainly discusses the art of military command and force deployment, and points out that in war, it is necessary to mobilize the other party, choose generals, be strict in discipline, and then be sure to be honest Decide how to issue orders and communicate information. It is also pointed out that attention should be paid to the favorable weather, location, weaponry and material supply.
Volume four
Hu Tao is divided into twelve chapters, which are military, three formations, battle with disease, be out, military strategy, Linjing, dynamic and static, Jin Gu, Juedao, luedi, huozhan and leixu. It mainly discusses tactics and other problems that should be paid attention to in wide areas.
Volume V
Bao Tao is divided into eight chapters: Lin Zhan, Tu Zhan, bang Qiang, di Wu, Shan Bing, Ze Bing, Shaozhong and Fen Han. It mainly discusses the tactics and other problems that should be paid attention to in various special terrain operations.
Volume 6
"Dog Tao" is divided into ten parts, such as "separation and combination", "Wu Feng", "Lian Shi", "Jiao Zhan", "Jun Bing", "Wu Che Shi", "Wu Chivalry", "Zhan Qi", "Zhan Che", "Zhan bu", etc. It mainly discusses how the coaches and the selected soldiers and various arms cooperate with each other in order to give full play to the efficiency of the army.
Historical significance
The basic theory and category of the book advocate that the weak is superior to the strong, the obscure is not revealed, and the quiet is mysterious. At the same time, it quotes the book of the Yellow Emperor [7], and discusses the theory and principles of governing the country, the army, and guiding the war through the dialogue between King Wen and King Wu of Zhou and LV Wang It has a great influence on the military thought of future generations and is known as the ancestor of strategists.
Sima Qian's "Shiji · qitaigong aristocratic family" said: "the words of later generations and the Yin power of Zhou Dynasty. They are all based on Taigong. " During the reign of Shenzong Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty, LiuTao was listed as one of the seven books of Wujing. Liu Tao was introduced into Japan in the 16th century and Europe in the 18th century. Now it has been translated into Japanese, French, Korean, Vietnamese, English, Russian and other languages.
Historical value
Liu Tao is divided into Wen Tao, Wu Tao, long Tao, Hu Tao, Bao Tao, and dog Tao (another way of saying is that long Tao, Hu Tao, Feng Tao, Lang Tao, Bao Tao, and dog Tao are called Liu Tao). Liu Tao is a great collection of pre Qin military thoughts. Through the dialogue between King Wen and King Wu of Zhou and LV Wang, Liu Tao discusses the theories and principles of governing the country, the army and guiding the war. It has a great influence on the military thoughts of future generations and is known as the ancestor of strategists. Sima Qian's "Shiji · qitaigong aristocratic family" said: "the words of later generations and the Yin power of Zhou Dynasty. They are all based on Taigong. " During the reign of Shenzong Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty, LiuTao was listed as one of the seven books of Wujing. Liu Tao was introduced into Japan in the 16th century and Europe in the 18th century. Now it has been translated into Japanese, French, Korean, Vietnamese, English, Russian and other languages.
Of course, the existing book LiuTao is controversial. Some people think it is a Book of war, a true book, and some people think it is a fake book. This can be ignored for the time being. Let's take a look at Zhang Taiyan's own understanding of the nature of Jin ban and Liu Tao. Zhang Taiyan thinks that Jin ban and Liu Tao are the titles of Zhou Shu, not the book of war. In his Lu Shu Ding Li, he quoted the words in Zhuangzi Xu Wu GUI: "Wei Jun, a female business scholar, said it with poem, book, arsenic mountain and music, and said it with Jin ban and Liu Tao in the following chapter:" Jin ban and Liu Tao are Taigong books. " This is consistent with the ZhouShu, which can be seen today. Moreover, the titles of Jin ban and Liu Tao were not invented by Zhang Taijiu. As early as in the spring and Autumn Annals of Lu family, it was recorded that Tai Gong was called Zhou Shu. Later, Cheng Xuanying, Sima Biao and Cui mu all believed that Jin ban and Liu Tao were the titles of Zhou Shu, not the book of war. According to Chao Gongwu's "Shu Shu Zhi", from the Song Dynasty, "Liu Tao" and "Sun Tzu" were named as the seven books of martial arts, which were called by those who talked about military affairs in this book. "That is to say, the existing" Liu Tao "was regarded as a Book of war by some people only during the coming of" Sui Zhi ".
Influence of later generations
Liu Tao has a great influence on later generations. Zhang Liang, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan all attach great importance to it. It is mentioned many times in Li Wei Gong Wen DUI. After Tong Dian, it is often quoted by scholars in Tang Dynasty. In song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are many people who annotate, interpret and interpret LiuTao, which has a high position in the history of Chinese military science.
Liu Tao is highly valued abroad. In the Warring States period of Japan, Zuli school (the school for training military advisers) once regarded LiuTao and sanlue as its main textbooks. According to the relevant bibliography, there are more than 30 Japanese works on the translation of Liu Tao. There are four kinds of Chinese military books translated for the first time in the west, collectively known as Chinese military art, which was published in Paris, France in 1772. In addition, North Korea, Vietnam and other neighboring countries have published and translated Liu Tao.
LiuTao is one of the seven books of Wujing issued in Song Dynasty. It is a masterpiece of pre Qin military books. It has been paid attention to by military experts of all dynasties. It has been translated into Xixia language and spread among ethnic minorities. It not only has a good command of culture and military, but also has preserved a wealth of ancient military historical materials, such as organization, weapons and means of communication. The book has important theoretical and historical value.
People not only study and use Liu Tao, but also study it. In history, there are many people who annotate, interpret and interpret Liu Tao. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 100 kinds of such works since Tang Dynasty, and more than 40 kinds in Ming Dynasty alone. We can see its wide spread and great influence: at present, there are many editions of LiuTao in the world, among which the more important ones are he qufei's edition of seven books of Wujing in Yuanfeng period of Song Dynasty, Zhu Fu's edition of seven books of Wujing, hanfenlou's series of xuguyi, song's edition of seven books of Wujing, Shi De's edition of seven books of Wujing in Jiajing decade of Ming Dynasty, and Sikuquanshu in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty 》They are the copy of four series of Commercial Press, the copy of Song Dynasty, and the copy of Bai Zi Quan Shu.
