H.G. creel, in his works on the government organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty, believed that there was at least the initial form of bureaucracy in the early Zhou Dynasty. In the development of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the government organization had some changes, gradually evolved into a more complex ruling body, and it is obvious that people close to the king of Zhou gradually gained power. However, one of the most important factors in the government organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty was the existence of documents and archives, and a group of specialized personnel (h.g.cree 11970:117-121). This chapter also follows this direction to explore the composition and evolution of the Western Zhou government organization.
In the chapter about the official titles of Zhou Dynasty in the book of history, "DAHAO": "Siyu told my friend king, Yue Yin, Shu Shi and Yu Shi, saying: Yu Deji bu". The same diction appeared again and again in Dagao. It was obvious that "Yin Shi", "Shu Shi" and "Yu Shi" refer to three kinds of officials.
"Kanggao" said: "it's the King Wen who will punish him as soon as possible. There is no amnesty for the punishment. He doesn't want to lead a big family. He only teaches the common people outside the country, but he only corrects the people, the younger ministers, and all the stanzas It's not the use of morality and justice that you can only rely on the king's strength, not your family, but also your small ministers' integrity Among them, "Shu Zi", "Xiao Chen" and "Wai Zheng" all seem to have common names, not necessarily official titles.
"Jiugao": "it's King Mu Kaowen. Zhao state was in the West. Jue Hao avoided the common people in the country. The less he was in charge of justice and imperial Affairs..." Shaozheng is Xiaozheng immediately, which also refers to the deacons of Bangjun. With the following "Shu Shi, you Zheng, Yue Shu Bo gentleman" saying, the same as the general name of the king. But in the same chapter, "the more you take the foreign service, the more you take the domestic service, the more you live in the common people; and" Yu Wei said: You Jie avoid Yin Xianchen, Hou, Dian, Nan, Wei; you Tai Shiyou, neishiyou, the more you give the officials 100 Zonggong; you Wei's affairs, you Xiu, you Cai, you Wei Ruo Chou: Qi Fu's weak violation, Nongfu's protection, and Hongfu's determination to set up "; all these indicate that there are at least three aspects The difference between external serving princes and internal serving ministers. Among the latter are Yin ya, Zonggong, grass-roots administrative personnel (Lijun), clerical personnel in the government and Imperial Palace (taishiyou, neishiyou), and personnel in charge of field agriculture and labor force (Qifu, Nongfu and Hongfu, or Sikong). The division of duties is clearer.
"Zhao Gao": "on the seventh day of Yue Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou was the official of the dynasty who ordered the commoners, Yin Hou, Dian and Nan Bangbo. Since Jue ordered Yin Shu, he wrote by Yin PI. Taibao was the king of the common state who went out to take the market, but he came back to the Duke of Xizhou. Said: worship hand Jishou, if the king of the brigade Gong. Gao told Shu Yin that Yue was an imperial affair. " The Zhou people mobilized the common people of the Yin family and still used the original management system and administrative organization of the Yin Dynasty, so the state monarch and imperial affairs were also commonly known.
"Zicai": Wang Yue: Feng! To Jue common people and Jue Chen, Da everyone, to Jue Chen Da Wang, only the king. Ru RuoHeng said, "I have teachers, situ, Sima, Sikong, yin and Lu." In the first half of the article, there are two management systems of the royal family, that is, the manors of the ministers of the king's capital and the vassals of the princes, under which there are the classification of the Shi's and the three you's divisions and the Yin's brigade. This is Zhou Shi's own administrative system.
"Li Zheng": "Duke Zhou said: worship the hand to check the head, sue the emperor. With salt and caution, the king said, the king is always around, permanent, quasi human, dressed, Huben The house is a matter, the house is a shepherd, and the house is a criterion. This is the only way to go In Shangyi, it is used in Jueyi; in Sifang, it is used in PI style to see virtue Establish the people's long uncle. Li Zheng: Ren Ren, zhunfu, mu, do three things; Huben, Zhuyi, quma, Xiaoyin, left and right servants, baishushu; Dadu, Xiaobo, entertainer, biaoshi, Dashi, Yinbo, Shuchang, Jishi; situ, Sima, Sikong, ya, LV; Yi, Wei, Lu, Qiong, Sanhao, Banyin. King Wen only conquered Jue's homestead mind, which was the common affairs of clitz Among them, Chang Bo, Chang Chang and Ji Shi were all aristocrats, Hu Ben and Zhui Yi were bodyguards, neibaisi was the palace, and waibaisi was the government. Sanyousi was also a government official. Ya and LV were military personnel, while Yi, Wei, Lu, Ji, Sanhao and Hanyin were personnel in charge of the four ethnic groups and the old Shang ethnic groups. On the whole, it shows that there is a limited division of duties, the division of civil and military affairs, and the division in the palace.
"Gu Ming" recorded the ceremony of King Kang's accession to the throne. Taibao is the main ceremony host, assisted by Taizong, who reads out the new king's order. The princes present met with the new king. The Western princes were led by the Taibao, and the eastern princes were led by Bi Gong, who paid tribute with GUI coins. In this ceremony, Taibao was a clergyman, Taizong represented the authority of the Zhou clan, while Taishi was a witness to record the ceremony, and also a civilian who wrote and read the book. Taibao and bigong led the western and Eastern princes respectively, and they still inherited the system of dividing Shaanxi into two parts in the early Zhou Dynasty.
There are few records about official positions in the book of songs, "Wei Feng · fenjuru", which has the names of highway, Gongxing and gongzu. According to Yun, highway is in charge of the emperor's road car, Gongxing is in charge of the military car, and gongzu is a doctor of the same surname. In the second year of Xuangong in Zuozhuan, Duke Chenggong of Jin ascended the throne. Because of the fratricidal actions of his kindred, there was no one worthy of being a doctor. So he took the Qing's legitimate son Shoutian as his official family, and the rest of the official sons as Yu's sons, and his concubines as his official family. The system of Jin Chenggong promoted the official position of the same clan as the position of the noble children. Before the spring and Autumn period, princes had such official positions, which should be similar to the nature of Chang Bo's permanent position in the book of Shang.
"Xiaoya · jienanshan": "hehe Shiyin, what does injustice mean Master Yin, the surname of Wei Zhou, holds the balance of the state, and the four sides are Wei. " Among them, the Yin family and the grand master were both important ministers who upheld the national policy. "Daya · Changwu": "hehe Mingming, Wang Mingqing, nanzhong Dazu, master Huangfu, reorganize our six divisions to cultivate our army." Wang called Yin and ordered uncle Cheng Xiu's father to control Chen Xing and quit my division Three things are in place. " The Yin family and the Taishi appeared separately, both of them were generals in charge of the Division brigade, while the elder minister nanzhong was the assistant prime minister. Wang Guowei, based on a large number of manuscripts and Yin's family, thought that both of them were equivalent to the internal history of Zhouli, and Yin's family, as its chief, was only called Yin's family, which was important for its status. Wang also thought that Yin's position was to write the king's order and the official who made the salary, and he was the official in charge of the state affairs with the grand master. "Dagao" in the book of history: "I will tell my friend king, Yue Yin, Shu Shi and Yu Shi." "Multi party": "the four kingdoms of Gaoer are multi-party, but the Yin family is the only one." (originally Yin min, Wang Guowei thought it was a clerical error of Yin's family) Yin's family was regarded as the Prime Minister of the princes when he was next to the king of Yin (Wang Guowei, 1959: other collections, 2 / 1).
At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a series of official titles were listed in "the intersection of Xiaoya and October": "emperor's father, Qing Shi, Fan Wei Si Tu, Jia Bo, Wei Zai, Zhong Yun, Shan Fu, Ju Zi, NEISHI, Ju Wei, Qu Ma, Shu Wei Shi." Then he said, "the emperor's father Kong Sheng, who is the leader of the imperial court, chooses three things to do, and the Marquis has many things to hide." Qingshi, Zai, Shanfu, NEISHI, quma, Shishi all appeared in Shangshu and Jinwen respectively. The three affairs, in the "Xiaoya · yuwuzheng" of the same era as "the turn of October", are the "three affairs doctor", which should be related to situ, Sima and Sikong. In the early Zhou Dynasty, "Da Ya" means "calling Si Kong and Si Tu to establish a family." At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, Zhou had the official positions of Sikong and situ, who were in charge of the management of labor service. In the poem "bu", their task is to build the capital of Zhouyuan.
