"Shangshu Jiuhao chapter" says: "the more in the external service, Hou, Dian, Nan, Wei, bang bo; the more in the internal service, Bai Liao, Shu Yin, Wei Ya, Wei Fu, Zonggong." It is pointed out that there were internal and external services in Shang Dynasty. Neifu is the area directly ruled by the king of Shang. Foreign service was the jurisdiction of the enfeoffment aristocrats, and there were scattered minority tribes with different degrees of development in many countries and remote areas. There are many communes in the internal and external services, in which nobles, civilians and slaves live together and are ruled by officials at all levels.
From oracle bone inscriptions, we can know that there were various officials under the king of Shang Dynasty, which can be divided into three categories: civil officials, military officials and historiographers. The names of civilian officials include Yin, Duoyin, Chen, Xiaochen, duochen, etc. Yin and Duoyin were in charge of the internal affairs of the country. There are many kinds of ministers, such as Wangchen, xiaowangchen, Jichen and so on. Wang Chen is an important official who takes part in the king's secret affairs; the difference between Xiao Wang Chen and Xiao Chen lies in that the former lives near the king, while the latter is mostly in local areas; the so-called Ji Chen is the official who manages the farming. The oracle inscriptions can not only take part in the command of Wang Chen, such as "Zhen Fu Qi Di Wang Chen" (iron 1.1), but also manage the officials, such as: "order Jichen (1 BC, 6.17.5) is a kind of internal affairs officer, who is mainly in charge of the internal affairs such as leading the king, managing the Jichen, paying tribute to the cattle and sheep, holding the throne and inspecting the local areas.
The names of military officials include Ma, Duoma, ya, duoya, she, duoshe, sanbaigong, Tuo, Duoluo, Wei, dog, duogou, etc. Ma and Ya are often used together in oracle bone inscriptions, which shows that they are similar in nature. The horse, who was ordered to be conquered or hunted, was probably a "horse master" or an official of Sima in later generations. Ya could "protect the king" (she 1028) and "protect me" (Qian 7.3.1), and had a very close relationship with the king of Shang. In the oracle inscriptions, there are often "Ya" ("Cui" 1178), "Yaque" ("Qian" 8.9.3), "Ya" and "Lu", such as "Ya Lu" ("Zuo Zhuan" Chenggong two years), "Hou Ya Hou Lu" ("the book of songs · Zaiyu") and so on, while "Erya · shigu" says: "Lu, Zhongye", which means military. It can be seen that maheya is a kind of military official with higher official position. Ya, Fu and Zhu in the literature and inscriptions on bronze are often called together, and there are also records of "Duo Zhu" (Yi 4212) in the inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells. "Make more shooting and defending" (quintessence 15) "more shooting and defending" seems to be read as "more shooting and more defending", both of which are official names. Here, Tuo and shooting are military officers in charge of the army organized by archers. Wei is a kind of military officer who guards the inner court and the border, which is proved by the fact that "the frontier guard is you Ya" (Hou Xia 22.16). In the book of songs, Wang Qi shot and died. In the book of songs 935, Guo Moruo said, "among the dogs, the official name of the dog man is the one who covers the official name of the dog man. In the book of songs autumn palace, there is the dog man position.". The "official dog" in shichending of the Western Zhou Dynasty was inferior to Xiaochen and Shanfu, and Guo Lao was also interpreted as the official of the dog man. In oracle bone inscriptions, the dog and duo dog may have been the officials of hounds, and then the officials of hunting. Later, they also took part in the expedition, just as Ma and duo Ma were the officials of Sima.
The names of historiographers include Bu, duo Bu, Zha CE, Shi, etc. In oracle bone inscriptions, the name of the diviner is preceded by the name of the palace, such as: "Wu Bu, bu Zhen..." (lost 527). "Bu" and "dobu" here are the same official names. The oracle bone inscriptions also contain the records of Zha volume (Beijing Tianjin 703), which is also the official name. "Zuoeyi" in Shangshu LuoGao, and "Shiyi" in Zuozhuan, Guoyu and Hanshu Gujin renbiao all refer to the same person. It can be seen that chace and Shi are official names of the same kind. The history in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a special official in charge of sacrifice.
In addition to the royal capital directly ruled by the king of Shang, there were Marquis, Bo, Zi and Fu. In oracle bone inscriptions, Hou are: Hou, Ding Hou, Yi Hou, Guang Hou, Hou, Hou, you Hou Xi, etc.; Bo are: hire Bai, Jing Bai, er Bai, song Bai, Yu Fang Bai, Yi Fang Bai, etc. Hou Bo had his own land and people, which was not granted by the king of Yin. HouBo's territory was hereditary. Although they had their own armed forces and officials like "Chen Zheng", they had the obligation to pay tribute, pay taxes, serve, defend the border and serve the king, that is to say, they led the soldiers to go out with the king. It can be seen from oracle bone inscriptions that there was "Zhuzi" seal at that time. In oracle bone inscriptions, most of the people who call "Zi" are Wuding Wangyu. However, in lost, Ziyu in 524 films is the first period, while in Cui and 1263 films Ziyu is the fourth period; in houxia 30.4 films Zigong is the first period, while in yi393 films Zigong is the second period; in addition, Ziyang, Ziyu, Zihua, Zixiao, zisong, Zixiao are not complete Therefore, it seems hard to believe that the oracle bone inscriptions in which 23 people were called sons were princes. From the perspective of Wang Shu's Shu, which is the fiefdom of Zihua, and song's fiefdom, which is the fiefdom of zisong, which is the fiefdom of song, which is the fiefdom of song, which is the fiefdom of Zihua. They were granted foreign service mainly to help the king of Shang strengthen his rule. The difference between them and the Marquis and the uncle is that the king of Shang often divined whether they had disasters and diseases. We can know that these scholars and the king of Shang had the same kind of close relationship. The commentators also say that there were at least sixty-four "women" in the Shang Dynasty, and that "they were favored or not, or not all in the palace.". If he is not favored, he will be granted a place, or ordered to sacrifice, or ordered to expedition, and come and go between the court and the field for the king's drive, which is just like a trusted official. Although it is necessary to study whether these "women" are all concubines of Wuding, it is certain to say that they all owned land, cultivated land for the Lord, and served the king, that is, led troops to fight. All these seem to be the same as "Zhuzi". From this point of view, if "Hou" and "Bo" were set up at the border in the Shang Dynasty to defend against foreign invaders, then "Zhuzi" and "Zhufu" were set up everywhere mainly to govern the Shang Dynasty. The ruling class of Shang Dynasty mainly relied on these officials to maintain its rule.
The rulers of the Shang Dynasty had a strong army to maintain their class rule. Archaeological data show that from the early Shang Dynasty to the late Shang Dynasty, from the capital to Fangguo, there were a considerable number of troops.
The number of soldiers in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is 3000, 5000, sometimes more than 10000. According to oracle bone inscriptions, there were few foreign troops in the period of Zujia, only the Jin army. During the period from xinkangding to Wuyi wending, there was a direct military conflict between Qiang and Zhaofang, and a new defensive measure was added, that is, "garrison a certain place". In oracle bone inscriptions, Shu, Zuo, Xing, from person to Ge, are the words of combination of man and weapon. "Shuowen" is interpreted as "guarding the border, from the people holding the war." "Erya Shiyan" said: "garrison, curb also." Guo Zhu said: "guard, so stop thieves." It can be seen that the garrison is the first to carry out military tasks. Because the garrison needs to undertake combat tasks, so captured prisoners should also be dedicated to the royal family, such as the cloud, "Wang xubu, di Zhen, garrison (HU) Zhi?" (a 3913) zhizuxing, or Jiaxi, is the state of being a prisoner of war. Here it is the state of being a prisoner of war to the king. During the period of emperor B and Emperor Xin, they mainly fought against the barbarians in the East. At the same time, they still used the garrison system for the frontier. This change not only reveals the shift of military focus from Wuding to Dixin, but also creates new measures to defend the territory. Garrison was not a temporary military action, but a permanent garrison, which greatly increased the number of the standing army in the Yin Dynasty, enhanced the operational mobility, prevented the invasion of the surrounding countries in time, and of course strengthened the resistance of suppressing the ruled class at home. Therefore, the expansion of the garrison system and the standing army is also an important part of the further improvement of the slavery state machine.
In the Yin Dynasty, there was no distinction between soldiers and peasants. "People", "people" and "people" were commune farmers in peacetime and soldiers after being recruited in wartime. Therefore, it is said in the book of history: Duke Zhou said, "Wang Ruo said: '" I have no choice but to bring down the people's orders of the four kingdoms. Why don't you want to be rich in many ways? I'm the king of Zhou, enjoying the destiny of heaven? Today, I still live in my house, but I still live in my field. " Wang said, "Hoo Hoo! You, you have Fang Duoshi and Yin Duoshi I was born in Luoyi at that time, and I was still in the field of Yongli. Heaven only gave me a gift. " "Shuo yuan · GUI de Chapter" also said: "King Wu Ke Yin, summoned Taigong and asked:" what are the general Naiqi scholars? " The Duke of Zhou said, "let each of you live in his own house and farm his own land. There is no change from the old to the new, but benevolence is relative." At that time, "Zhong", "Zhong Ren" and "Ren" were sometimes led by the king himself, and sometimes by his subordinates.
Oracle bone inscriptions are called "Shi" and "Lu". Shizi, oracle bone inscriptions, shape. Guo Moruo said: "since the ancient pile of words, but more efforts to gather in the village." its shape is "like a round head of the small Fu." 2. It is the place where the division is stationed, and its use as a division is understanding. "Shi" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the proper name of the army in Shang Dynasty, and it may also be a kind of organizational unit in the army at that time. According to the book of history, pan Geng Part 2: "the people of Bangbo, teachers and deacons are still hidden!" "Bangbo" here refers to the head of the state, that is, Fangguo in oracle bone inscriptions; "baideacons", that is, "bailiao Shuyin" in Jiugao, should refer to Baigong. Gu Jiegang and Liu Qiqiao said that "a teacher should be a military officer" is quite reasonable. "Division" is one of the establishments of the Shang army. The position of "division commander" should be the commander of "division". The division commander, together with Bangbo and bailiffs, should have the same status as them. In the Shang Dynasty, only the "division commander" was mentioned. It can be seen that he was the most important one in the army. Of course, the "division" he led should be the largest organizational unit in the Shang army.
It is difficult to draw a definite conclusion because of the incomplete oracle bone inscriptions and literature. However, from the book of history, we know that above the centurion is the chieftain, and above the chieftain is the Shishi. For example, the number of people under the command of the chieftain and the Shishi is the same as that between the centurion and the chieftain. The decimal system is adopted, and the number of people under the command of the Shishi should be ten thousand. According to the literature, the establishment unit of ten thousand people was the later "army". "Yin qicui Bian" says: "Wang Zha (for) three: right, middle, left?" (quintessence 597) this edition is the oracle inscriptions of the period of Wu Yi and Wen Ding. Before that, the period of Wu Ding already had the name of "Zhongshi" (collection 5807). According to the military system of Shang Dynasty, when there were "middle division", there would be "left division" and "right division". Therefore, we can say: as the name of the army, the emergence of "division" may be relatively early, but as the organizational unit of the left, middle and right divisions, it is only possible when the army itself develops to a certain period.
In oracle bone inscriptions, there are also "brigades" as military services, such as "adverse brigades" (Cun, 2.917), "brigades" (Yi, 971) and so on. The so-called "adverse trip" should be called "welcome trip"; the "trip" should be the "Zhen trip" mentioned in the fifth year of Yingong in Zuo Zhuan, all of which are related to military affairs. In 1973, the oracle inscriptions of Xiaotun Nandi in Anyang contain "Youlu" and "zuolu" (tunnan 2328), which provide new information for further exploration of the compilation of "Lu". The "brigade" here refers to the military. The "brigade" can be divided into "right brigade" and "left brigade", which indicates that in addition to the right, middle and left divisions, there were "right brigade" and "left brigade" in Yin and Shang Dynasties, and there may also be "Chinese brigade". According to Zuo Zhuan, in the 16th year of Chenggong, the emperor of Miao Ben said to the Marquis of Jin that "the good of Chu is only the royal family in the army." it seems that the "Wang Lu" (iron 90.1) in oracle bone inscriptions should be "China brigade". From this point of view, the "Shi" and "Lu" in the Yin and Shang Dynasties were partly right, middle and left, or right and left, indicating that they were corresponding.
Oracle bone inscriptions also said: "the pheasant crowd? luck. Chinese pheasants? Wang Zhan said: Hongji. How many pheasants are there? luck. Left not pheasant crowd? Wang Zhan said: Hongji. How many pheasants are there? "Gee." (Qian 5.6.1) the word "pheasant" changes from "arrow" to "best", or "arrow" to "Zhi", which is actually an inverted form of "arrow". Some good characters are completely outlined in the shape of a bird, and the combination of arrow and good expresses the meaning of piercing a bird with arrow. As for the word "pheasant", there are different explanations. Yu Shengwu thinks that "we should read foreigners and train them to be casualties". This Oracle inscription asks "whether there is any sense of casualties in garrison or expedition". It is said in the article that "are there no pheasants in China?" "Left not pheasant crowd?" According to the example of the article, there should be "right not pheasant crowd?" This shows that the establishment of "Zhong" or "Zhong Ren", which is not a standing soldier, can be divided into right, middle and left, which is the same as that of division and brigade. It is probably because the establishment of "division", "brigade" and "mass" is divided into right, middle and left, so its military "garrison" is also divided into right, middle and left. As the saying goes: "right garrison not pheasant crowd? ]How many pheasants are there in China? Do you want to be a pheasant (Nandi 2320) in the Shang Dynasty, there were infantry and chariots. Generally, the infantry were ranked in the front of the square array, followed by the motorcade and its soldiers. The burial pits of the northern formation excavated for the 13th time in the Yin Ruins are arranged with chariots as the center and apprentices as the appendages. There are five vehicles in total, which are divided into three groups: the middle group, the left group and the right group. The three vehicles in the middle group are in front of each other in a straight line. Each vehicle has three people and two horses, and each has a set of bow, arrow, dagger, knife, stone and other weapons. The left and right groups have one vehicle respectively, and each vehicle has three people and four horses, and each has a set of weapons. There are three people in the car, one in the front and two in the back.
From their weapons, we can see that they are also in the middle, left and right order: the Imperial is in the middle, the shooter is on the left and the attacker is on the right. There are three large pits on the left and right side of the first car in the middle group. Five people are buried in each pit, which should be at the same time. These 15 people are probably the soldiers accompanying the car, which is also the arrangement of middle, left and right. It seems that the arrangement of the middle, left and right teams is a common method of formation in the late Shang Dynasty. In the Shang Dynasty, infantry was used alone, which seemed different from the army. In the area of xibeigang and Wuguan village of Yin Ruins, there are usually ten pits in a row, with eight to ten people in each pit. These phenomena suggest that the infantry at that time was composed of ten men. It is recorded in oracle bone inscriptions that "Ma, Zuo, Zhong and you three hundred" (Qian, 3.31.2) are also organized by decimal. Three hundred men probably represent a larger combat unit. ① Guo Moruo once said: in the Shang Dynasty, there was no more division between the expedition and the defeat of the tour, which was more than that of the master. He was engaged in political tour or pan tour. In oracle bone inscriptions, there are hunting, Miao, Tian and Ge, which are roughly equivalent to hunting
"Dingyou recorded divination in Xizhen, in Xutian, whose right person died? Not many? " (Jia 2562) in Jia Bian Shi Wen, it is said that "hunting is similar to battle, so it is also called right person." The so-called "right man" refers to the right-wing formation of the above-mentioned right, middle and left army. "Bi" is a verb, which is an idiom used in the oracle inscriptions during the expedition of the other country. Since war verbs and military formations are used in hunting, it is a reflection of hunting and military training.
The logistics supplies during the war of Yin Dynasty may be contributed or collected by local governments. Therefore, oracle inscriptions say: "Xi Lai white horse?" (C 157) "painted cattle?" (c.74) "it comes like three?" (houxia, 5.11) "Wang Qideng's going to the south, MI Yihai?" (a 903) "this spring, many workers (tribute)" (Wai 452) it can be seen that the military resources or resources of the Yin Dynasty were quite sufficient.
The oracle bone inscriptions of criminal law and archaeological materials prove that the Shang Dynasty not only had an army as the main pillar of the state machine, but also set up a criminal law to suppress slaves and civilians.
"Xunzi Zhengming chapter" said: "Xingming business", and "lvshi Chunqiu xiaoxinglan" said: "xing300" in Shang Dynasty. There were many criminal laws in the Shang Dynasty. We can see a general idea from the oracle bone inscriptions, such as the character Xing, the oracle bone inscriptions, the shape and the handcuffs. Characters, oracle bone inscriptions, shape, like a man kneeling on the ground with his hands tied back, his hair was caught by his hands and tortured. The characters are made of oracle bone inscriptions. They are like chopping a person's head with a big axe, and there are blood spots on his neck. Qiang characters, written and shaped in oracle bone inscriptions, are like being chained to the neck of Qiang people or shackled to a foot of Qiang people. The characters "Yi" in oracle bone inscriptions, such as "Yi" and "Yi" are similar to those of people who are locked in prison with instruments of torture in their hands, which means a prison where prisoners are detained. Oracle bone inscriptions have a shape, like hands holding a sledgehammer to kneel on the head of the pit smash shape, when it is a kind of criminal law buried alive. Cut word, oracle bone inscriptions, shape, just like the use of a saw to cut a lady's foot. Cutting penalty is a kind of cruel corporal punishment in ancient China. The word "cutting" in Shuowen is "cutting foot". In a recent excavation at Hougang of Yin Ruins, a corpse of a slave who had been sentenced to death was found, which indicates that at least in the late Shang Dynasty, there had been a death penalty. The character "zhe" is shaped in oracle bone inscriptions, like cutting the nose with a knife. There is another word, like cutting the genitals with a knife, which should be a kind of palace punishment. Palace punishment is claustrophobia for women and genital mutilation for men. Cutting characters, oracle bone inscriptions for shape, like to cut the head in the form of Ge. The skeletons of the body and head in the sacrificial pits or sacrificial pits near the mausoleum of the late Shang Dynasty should be the remains of the execution of the cutting penalty. The Crusade will kill people, so in the oracle inscriptions, going out to fight is also called the crusade.
The five punishments in ancient literature are arranged according to the degree of severity, and the same is true in Shang Dynasty. It can be seen that the criminal law of Shang Dynasty was extremely cruel.
Engels once pointed out when he discussed the difference between the state and the clan society: "this kind of public power exists in every country. This kind of power is constituted not only by armed people, but also by material appendages, such as prisons and various compulsory organs, which were not found in the previous clan society. The slave owners and nobles of Shang Dynasty also relied on the dictatorship tools of big and small officials, army, criminal law and prison.
