Patriarchal clan system is the basic principle of blood relationship in ancient Chinese society, and its main content is the system of direct succession. In the Shang Dynasty, there was a prototype of the inheritance of Di Chang. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, patriarchal clan system developed into a systematic system.
The strict sense of the patriarchal clan system, only in the Qing, officials, scholars within the scope of implementation. The ancestors of these families are generally the other sons of the monarch. The eldest son of the monarch is the crown prince, inheriting the throne, and other sons are other sons. Because biezi is also the son of the monarch, he is also called childe. The other son can not be the same ancestor as the prince who inherited the monarch. He must be separated from his family and become the ancestor of the inheritance system of the direct leader in the family. He will not change and is called the chief. Every son other than his eldest son, every son other than his eldest son They are all common people. For a large number of people, they are called Xiaozong. During this period, when the blood relationship lasted for more than five generations, they no longer lived in the original small clan. In the whole family composed of big and small clans, most of them are in the position of clan head, which is called zongzi. The other sons of this family usually have the titles of Qing and doctor, which are inherited by zongzi.
In a broad sense, patriarchal clan system also applies to the Zhou royal family. The eldest son of the king of Zhou was the crown prince. Most of the other princes were enfeoffed as princes inside and outside the royal capital, and the principle of blood relationship between them was quite similar to the patriarchal clan system of ministers, officials and scholars. In the early Zhou Dynasty, enfeoffment of the same surname reflected this principle. After King Kang, the territory of Zhou Dynasty was generally fixed, and the chance of enfeoffment was reduced. Most of the princes except the crown prince stayed in the court as ministers and officials, but enfeoffment did not disappear. Until the 22nd year of King Xuan of Zhou (806 BC), his brother and friends were enfeoffed in Zheng (now east of Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province).
Xiaozong revolved around a large number of people, with officials and officials defending the monarch and vassals defending the king of Zhou. In addition, the marriage links with different surnames constitute a huge network of consanguinity. The rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty hoped to use this relationship to maintain their status and privileges.
Jifu
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the area under the direct control of the king of Zhou was called Wangji. Taking Wangji as the center, it was divided into several costumes according to the geographical distance and the density of dynasty relations, which were collectively called Jifu. According to Guoyu zhouyu, Jifu is divided into five parts. They are Dianfu (Wangji), Houfu (princes granted by the dynasty), Bingfu (fangguofu belongs to the Zhou Dynasty), Yaofu and Huangfu (all remote minorities). There are different opinions about Jifu in other literatures.
Wu Fu had different obligations to the dynasty, and Shi was competent to pay tribute. There is a tribute for Dian Fu at any time, a monthly tribute for Hou Fu, a monthly tribute for bin Fu, and a yearly tribute for bin Fu. If there is a tribute for Huang Fu, the king will only pay tribute once in his life. This kind of stipulation is idealistic, but to a certain extent, it reflects the relationship between Zhou Dynasty and its far and near areas.
Princes
The princes of the Western Zhou Dynasty had the same surname and different surnames. Princes with the same surname, that is, Ji, were in front of those with different surnames in the alliance. Many different surnames were married to the Zhou royal family, such as Jiang, Ren, GUI and Si. In the early Zhou Dynasty, the descendants of the former dynasties were also praised, such as Ji (now Beijing, later Yan), Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan), Qi (now Qixian, Henan) after Yao, and song after Shang. Some of the princes were states of Shang Dynasty, which were recognized by Zhou Dynasty; others were new vassals.
To establish a vassal state, land, mountains and rivers and people should be given, and treasures should be given at the same time, with different levels. According to the traditional view, there are five ranks: Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Nan. From the perspective of land, Gong and Hou are 100 Li, Bo 70 Li and Zi and Nan 50 Li, which are actually three grades. As for the land less than 50 Li, it belongs to the vassal, called vassal. According to the research on the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there are five kinds of titles, and there are certain systems, but they are not necessarily so fixed and regular.
Official system
According to the most detailed Zhouli, there were six ministers in charge of several officials in the Zhou Dynasty, including situ, who was in charge of the state religion, and his officials were in charge of the land and people, Xiang Sui, mountains and rivers; Zongbo, who was in charge of the state ceremony, and his officials were in charge of the temple sacrifice, tomb, ritual music, bu Zhu Wu history, Che Qi, and so on; Sima, who was in charge of the state politics, and his officials were in charge of the army, field service, Che Ma, and fengjiang In addition, he also took charge of the punishment, lawsuit, oath, agent, thief, guest and so on. Sikong, because the original text of Zhouli is incomplete, the details are unknown. Most scholars think that Zhouli is too detailed to have such a uniform official system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, compared with the discovered inscriptions, Zhouli is similar in many aspects. According to statistics, the existing official names in Zhouli are 356 officials, and 96 officials are the same or similar to those in Jinwen. It can be seen that there are quite a few elements in Zhouli, which reflect the reality of the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to the book of history, King Cheng of Zhou summoned "Rui Bo, Tong Bo, Bi Gong, Wei Hou, Mao Gong, Shi Shi Shi, Hu Chen, Bai Yin and Yu Shi" when he died. In the reign of King Kang, there were "three lefts and three rights" in the small bronze pot, which also referred to the six ministers around the king. The establishment of Liuqing was the center of the official system of the dynasty. The official system of the vassal states was similar to that of the dynasty, but the scale was small, and the official names were mostly the same as those of the dynasty.
Guoye and Xiangsui
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the king of Zhou directly ruled the areas and all the vassal states. The capital city and its outskirts where the king or princes lived are called the Kingdom, and the outskirts are called the wild. The people who lived in the country were Chinese, and the rest were savages. There are different systems between the state and the wild. This difference may be due to the Zhou Dynasty's conquest of various places. The dominant Zhou people were in the state, while the ruled aborigines lived in the wild. The middle school is divided into townships. There are six townships in Zhou, and three townships in the State Council. According to the book of rites of the Zhou Dynasty, the organizational form of the book is as follows: the five families are Bi, the five Bi are Lu, the four Li are ethnic groups, the five ethnic groups are the party, the five parties are the States, and the five states are the townships. There are Township doctors at the township level and leaders at the lower levels. The majority of the Chinese people are the taxi class who have patriarchal clan blood relationship with the nobility. They have the right to discuss politics. When the country encounters great changes, the king or princes should consult them. The talents among them will be selected and recommended. In daily life, Ding Zhuang was obliged to take part in the hunting and military service organized by the state; in case of war, he would take part in the army, or go to war, or guard.
Military system
The military system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was closely related to the division and organization of the state and the wild. The Zhou Dynasty set up six armies, or six divisions, which were composed of Ding Zhuang from six townships. According to Zhouli xiaguansi horse, the military system at that time was as follows: five for the company, 25 for the two, 100 for the soldiers, 500 for the brigade, 2500 for the division and 12500 for the army. The actual situation at that time may not be so regular, but we can see that the six townships and the six army organizations corresponded to each other.
The personnel of the sixth division were recruited in times of war, but they had to be trained regularly in peacetime. The way was to hunt four times a year in the slack season. The hunting was completely organized according to the military organization, which played the role of inspection and training. The six townships of Zhou Dynasty were located in the western part of Zhou Dynasty, so the Sixth Division was called "the sixth division of the west" in the inscriptions. There are also "eight masters of Cheng Zhou" and "eight masters of Yin" in the inscriptions of Jin Dynasty, which may be composed of Zhou people in Cheng Zhou area. Because they are located in the land of Yin Shang, they are called "eight masters of Yin".
There was also a military force in the Zhou Dynasty, that is, Shi's Huchen (a kind of Huben), which was a permanent army composed of selected warriors from the aristocratic children of the state. Shi's Huchen guards the king and guards the palace. His subordinates are slaves of ethnic minorities.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the war was mainly car fight, and the soldiers who cooperated with the car were apprentices. Compared with Shang Dynasty, there were more kinds of weapons, such as spear and halberd. According to Shi Huangyi, as early as when King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty attacked Chong, he had already used tools such as hook aid and Linchong to attack the city. The scale of the war was expanding day by day. Not only Zhou and his vassals, but also some ethnic minorities had strong military strength. As recorded in duoyouding in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou sent troops to fight against Yanyu, and more than 127 chariots were captured in one campaign. It can be seen that Yanyu had a huge vehicle battle team.
Legal system
In Shangshu kanggao, Lizheng and other chapters, Zhou Gongyu recorded that King Wen was able to "be virtuous and cautious in punishment" and stressed that he must be cautious in dealing with punishment and prison, indicating that the Zhou Dynasty paid attention to the role of law. It is said that the law of the Western Zhou Dynasty is called "nine punishments", or "nine punishments". "Shangshu · Lvxing" was written in the time of King Mu of Zhou Dynasty. It records that there were five punishments at that time, such as Mo, Zhe, Gong and Da PI (death penalty). There are as many as 3000 crimes applicable to the five punishments, and the number of fines to be changed in case of doubt and amnesty is stipulated. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the bronze inscriptions recorded the judgment of Bo Yang Fu, who was in charge of the prison lawsuit, on the case of herding cattle. The legal procedures and penalties described in them were basically the same as those in LV Xing.
The law of Western Zhou Dynasty has obvious class nature. According to Zhouli xiaosikou, noble crimes can be dealt with in a special way, that is to say, eight opinions: discussing relatives, discussing past, discussing sages, discussing ability, discussing merit, discussing noble, discussing diligence and discussing guests. Even if the death penalty is to be executed, it should be handed over to the Dian people. As long as it is a husband or wife who has an official rank, it is not necessary to appear in court in person in prison proceedings.
