From the perspective of ecological environment history, social progress and economic prosperity are all accomplished on the stage of ecological environment. The living space of the Qin and Han people has occupied the main part of China's land today. The population of the Qin Dynasty, some scholars believe that it is around 20 million, and some believe that it may reach 40 million. When the household registration was at its peak in the Western Han Dynasty, the population was still less than 60 million. At that time, most of the forests and pastures were not severely damaged by human activities, and the Chuanze lakes were much larger than they are today. Words such as "Fang Chun Fan Meng", "Tang Wan Yan", and "Yong Spring Mixed Flow" seen in Wadang of the Han Dynasty all reflect the natural atmosphere of deep green and blue that people feel in their lives.
Zhu Kezhen pointed out in "A Preliminary Study on China's Climate Change in the Last Five Thousand Years": "During the Warring States Period, the climate was much warmer than it is now." "By the Qin Dynasty and the former Han Dynasty (221--23 AD), the climate continued to be mild. "("Zhu Kezhen Collection", Science Press, March 1979, p.495). The climatic conditions of the Yellow River Basin at that time were similar to those of the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin today. Sima Qian said that if you own "Thousand Mu of Weichuan Bamboo", its economic status can be comparable to that of "Qianhuhou". And those who take "bamboo poles and ten thousand tubes" as the foundation of their business, "this is also better than the home of a thousand times" ("Historical Records · Commemorative Biography"). Uncle Yan suggested that Dong Yan invite Taizhu Dou to offer the Longmen Garden to please Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He said that Gucheng Temple "has Suzhujitian" ("Hanshu·Dongfangshuo Biography"). People in Chang'an area of the Western Han Dynasty attached great importance to the economic benefits of bamboo forests, which is also seen in Ban Gu's "Xidu Fu": "The source of spring irrigation, Peichi cross genus, bamboo orchard, fragrant grass and licorice, the wealth of the countryside, the name is near Shu." and Zhang Heng's "Xijing" "Fu": "Nickel fences are perfunctory, weaving towns into bamboos, the valleys are original, and there is no borders in the mountains." The so-called "no borders in the mountains" can be read in contrast with the Wadang characters of the Han Dynasty, "the mountains are boundless".
Both "Book of Han Liyue Zhi" and "Old Rituals of the Han Dynasty" talk about the bamboo palace of Ganquan Palace. In the archaeological materials of the Qin and Han Dynasties, bamboo structure buildings and cultural relics using bamboo as auxiliary building materials are also commonly seen. At that time, the bamboo forest had become the "rich to give" ("Historical Records: Biographies of Commodities") that the people of Guanzhong "sitting to be harvested". "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Guo Fau Biography" records that Guo Ji was a herder in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, "there were hundreds of children, each riding a bamboo horse, and welcoming them each time." Mejidi is located in the northwest of Zhungar Banner, Inner Mongolia. The northern boundary of the subtropical mixed bamboo forest area in central China is in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, roughly on the line of Changsha, Nanchang, and Ningbo. The northern boundary of the central China subtropical scattered bamboo forest area roughly coincides with the 35° north latitude line. The northern boundary of the bamboo growing area in the Qin and Han dynasties is almost close to the edge of the desert area of Beihe today. Bamboo slips were unearthed in Juyan area, and the materials should not be very far away. According to the "Book of the Later Han·Biography of the West Qiang", during the Han'an Emperor Qiang's uprising, "there was no complex armor, or bamboo sticks and wood sticks to replace the spears." It can be seen that in the Longshan area, bamboo is still often used as a traditional tool.
The mountains and waters, dense forests and grasses, are the objects that the authors of Hanfu are particularly happy to describe. Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" talked about "Henglan Zhiruo, Qiongqiongchangpu, Jiangli Pingwu, Zhuzhebaqi" when it was born in "Huipu"." Yang Xiong's "Shu Du Fu" called "Pan Hong". Ambition, Mangmang Feifei", Du Du's "Shouyang Mountain Fu" so-called "Long pines fall, flowers and trees misty", depicting the lush scene of the vast mountains. "Nan Du Fu" has a sentence praising the abundance of mountains and forests in Nanyang in the Han Dynasty. The Qing dynasty Li Tiaoyuan's "Nan Yue Notes" Volume One and Three said that the "Ji" in "Nan Du Fu" is Metasequoia glyptostroboides. However, the growing areas of "fir forests" and "fir, spruce, and hemlock forests" are quite far away from Nanyang (Geography Department of Northwest Normal University, Editor-in-Chief of Cartographic Publishing House: "Chinese Natural Geography Atlas", Map Publishing House, 1984 June edition, p. 135). It can be seen that this is the original natural ecology revealed by the vegetation of the Qin and Han Dynasties under the condition that the damage by humans is not very serious.
In the Han Dynasty Hexi Bamboo Slips, there are many documentary remains about "Jiang". "Zizania" refers to forage grass. The Dunhuang Han Bamboo Slips have simple texts that reflect more specific information about "Zizania". We saw a brief text like this: "...to buy wild rice, the wild rice grows two feet long, and the big one is a weed. The horse is not angry, because there are so many things...". According to the ratio of the Han ruler to the current scale, "two feet" is equivalent to 46,2 centimeters. It can be seen that there were large-scale good pastures in the Hexi area at that time. "Zizania" and "beam" are often counted in the tens of thousands. The Juyan Han Bamboo Slips also have brief examples of "cutting Wei" and "cutting Pu". Both "reed" and "pu" are aquatic herbaceous plants. The number of "cutting reeds" is as many as "five thousand five hundred and twenty bunches", which can be used as important information reflecting the vegetation and overall ecological conditions in the Juyan area.
Rice was once the main agricultural product in the Yellow River Basin in the Western Han Dynasty. "Han Shu · Dongfang Shuo Zhuan" so-called "the land of the land and sea in Guanzhong", "there are also rice, Li Li, mulberry forest, bamboo and arrow rao", the rice production is listed as the first economic benefit. The Western Han Dynasty summarized the farming experience in the Guanzhong area, "The Book of Biansheng" wrote: "Plant Hangzhou rice in March, and plant rice in April." The Guanzhong area also specially set up the official position of "rice messenger", which also shows that rice cultivation in Guanzhong was common at that time.
The lakes in the North China Plain experienced an expansion process during the Qin and Han dynasties. Some scholars pointed out that "from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty, the lakes and marshes in the Hebei Plain were very developed and widely distributed." "Most of these lakes and marshes were irrigated from shallow and flat depressions. Due to unstable replenishment, the lakes and marshes have a high rate of flood and dryness. Many lakes and marshes have mixed beaches, sandbars, and water bodies. The lakes and marshes are luxuriant and wild animals such as elk grow and reproduce in large numbers." (Xing Tie, Wang Wentao: "A Comparative Study of Ancient China's Bohai Rim Region and Other Economic Zones", Hebei People's Publishing House, 2004 December edition, Volume 1, pages 64 to 66). In the historical records of the Qin and Han dynasties, there are many historical records about "Ze". Chen She rioted in Daze Township, whose name is "Daze", which has nothing to do with "Ze". "Historical Records: The Benji of Gaozu" records the story of Liu Bang "going to Fengxi Zezhong", "stopping drink" and then "night path Zezhong" to kill the snake. It is that "Fengxi" has "ze". In the "Historical Records · Biography of Wei Bao and Peng Yue", Peng Yue "everytime fished in Juye Zezhong and was a gang thief". It is about the record of "Ju Ye Ze". Xiang Yu went to the final defeat in the decisive battle of Gai Xia, and once had the experience of "trapping in the Daze and chasing after it by the old man".
It can be seen that there were many "zes" in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Jianghuai Plain at that time. The denseness of the lakes was one of the remarkable geomorphic features of the Huanghuaihai Plain at that time. According to literature, Zou Yilin learned that there were 46 lakes and marshes recorded in the Huanghuaihai Plain from the Zhou Qin Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty, including 11 in the Hebei Plain, 33 in the Huanghuai Plain, and 2 in the coastal area. Zou Yilin said: "In fact, the lakes and marshes on the Huanghuaihai Plain in ancient times were far more than this" ("A Brief Account of the Changes in the Lakes and Marshes of the North China Plain in Historical Period", "Historical Geography" No. 5, Shanghai People's Publishing House, May 1987, income "Chunlu History and Geography", Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, May 2005). As far as Guanzhong is concerned, according to historical data, the vast scale and dense distribution of natural and artificial water surfaces at that time are also different from the local geography that we see today. The famous Kunming Pool, according to archaeological drilling data from April to September 2005, the perimeter of the pool is 17.6 kilometers, and the area of the pool is about 16.6 square kilometers, which is about 360 hectares in the Han Dynasty. (The Han Chang'an City Work Team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: "Xi'an Brief Report on Drilling and Trial Excavation of the Kunming Pool Site in Han and Tang Dynasties, "Archaeology" 2006, Issue 10).
Although Kunming Pool is generally considered to be an artificial lake, the scale of the so-called "forty li in the week" cannot be completed in a short period of time. "Han Shu·Five Elements Zhi Zhong Shang" said, "Yuan Shou three years in the summer, there was a severe drought. It was the year when the world began to cut the thorns and go through the Kunming Pond." It was when the "great drought" began to pass through Kunming. Pool. The argument that the "great drought" started work suggests that the Kunming pool site may have accumulated water in the past. It is inferred that in addition to dredging, the main content of the project also includes the construction of weirs. In other words, Kunming Lake is not an artificial lake in the strict sense. The information about water resources in the Qin and Han dynasties gave us a new understanding of natural history. Pay attention to the relevant research results, and you can get some inspiration. For example, the Yellow River overflowed frequently during the Western Han Dynasty, while the East Han River disaster was significantly reduced. After Wang Jing ruled the river, the Yellow River has experienced a long-term stable flow. In the discussion of the reasons, in addition to paying attention to engineering measures and soil erosion conditions, it seems that the possible changes in the river flow itself should also be paid attention to.
The ecological environment conditions in the Qin and Han dynasties made the distribution of wild animals present a special historical outlook. The distribution of rhinos, wild elephants, and deer, and the distribution of primates such as golden monkeys, all occupy a vast area that is unimaginable today. Due to insufficient forest development, "tiger storms" and "tiger disasters" once severely threatened social production and life. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Song Jun Biography": "There are beasts in the Jianghuai, and chickens and dolphins in the northern part of Jube". It seems that because the local economic development lags behind the Central Plains, the number of South China tigers at that time was very alarming. There is a record in the history book that "In the first month of the third year of Guanghe, the tiger sees peace and optimism, and also sees the Xian Mausoleum, biting the guards". Ping optimistic In the western suburbs of Luoyang City, it is one of the important social centers where cars and horses gather and people are noisy in Luoyang. Xianling Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Emperor Shun of the Han Dynasty. It was only 35 years since Emperor Shun was buried in the first month of the third year (180) of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty. And the royal cemetery; and the so-called "the tiger enters the city" in "Lun Heng·Being Tiger", and the so-called "Tiger Wolf Enters the Capital" in "Lun Heng·Relief" are not sensational. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the area affected by tiger infestation was very vast, so people at that time regarded the absence of tigers in Japanese settlements as an anecdote.
In the social etiquette, scholars' theories and government decrees in the Qin and Han dynasties, we can see the content that reflects the awareness of mountain forest protection. The formation and influence of the Qin and Han people's ecological environment views are based on the folk mysticism concept, and also have the role of natural consciousness universally recognized by the intellectuals at that time. These conceptual factors affect the administrative tendencies of the state managers, and the corresponding laws and regulations have a negative effect on the people. The psychology and behavior of people strengthened the social norms that have positive significance for maintaining ecological balance. Provisions on mountain forest protection can also be seen in the Qin bamboo slips "Tian Lv" unearthed from Yunmeng Shuihudi, Hubei. The translation by the finishing team reads: "In spring and February, you are not allowed to cut wood in the forests and block waterways. Nothing is allowed. In summer, it is not allowed to burn grass as fertilizer, not to use freshly sprouted plants, or to capture young animals, bird eggs and young birds, not to poison fish and turtles, and not to set up traps and nets to capture birds and beasts. The ban will be lifted in July. Only those who need to cut wood to make coffins due to death are not subject to seasonal restrictions. Juyi is close to the soap and other forbidden gardens where cattle and horses are raised, and dogs are not allowed to hunt with cubs when they breed."
Such legal regulations can be regarded as the earliest mountain forest protection law seen so far. The rigorous and meticulous content indicates that the code of conduct has undergone a process of gradual maturation and improvement. As pointed out by the collation team, "indulge in July" means "open the ban", which is in line with the following content in "Yi Zhou Shu·Da Ju": "In March in spring, the mountains and forests do not raise axe. Long; Xia Sanyue, Chuanze does not enter the net and grows as a fish and turtle" (Shuihudi Qin Tomb Bamboo Slips Organizing Group: "Shuihudi Qin Tomb Bamboo Slips", Cultural Relics Publishing House, November 1978, page 27 ). Excavated from the site of the Han Dynasty in Xuanquan, Dunhuang, Gansu, the mud wall ink book "The Envoy and the Central Supervisor's Edict on the Four Seasons and the Fifty Articles" was unearthed from the first five years of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 5). No felling is allowed, and selective felling can only be done when the "vegetation is scattered" after autumn. The "Middle (Mid) Spring Moon Order" also contains content that prohibits the burning of forests and hunting (Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: "Dunhuang Xuanquan Hanjian Interpretation Collection", "Cultural Relics" 2000, Issue 5), which is the highest order ——Promulgated by the edict. The purpose of writing on the wall is to expand the publicity so that the relevant content can be known.
The famous official in the early Han Dynasty, Chao Cuo, published a statement about ecological environment protection in an emperor's document. It says: "Germany and flying birds, down to water, insects, plants, trees and all kinds of products, are all affected. Then yin and yang are adjusted, four seasons, sun and moonlight, wind and rain." ("Han Shu · Chao Cuo Zhuan") "De" and "Vegetation" "The argument that everything is "being driven by it" is of course propagated by Confucian scholars. The commentator believes that only in this way can "four seasons" and "wind and rain" be achieved. However, this is actually a statement that reflects the progressive view of the ecological environment at that time, and is an enlightened view in the history of ecological environmental protection.
The paintings reflecting the social life of the Qin and Han dynasties often show pictures of prosperous forests, reflecting the people's yearning for the situation of “luxuriant trees and shades” at that time. In the "Lou Shou Stele" in the third year of Xiping three years, there is "the sweetness of the Ganshan forest", and the term "suppleness" refers to the dense, vast, and deep mountains and forests. The so-called "the sweetness of the mountains and forests" reflects a kind of life attitude of the Qin and Han people, and through the relevant folk customs, we can also understand the society's love of the natural mountains and forests at that time.
