Shang Tang, the leader of Shang tribe in Xia Dynasty, led the princes to establish Shang Dynasty in Bo (now Shangqiu) after the war of mingtiao destroyed Xia. After that, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently, and it was not until its descendant pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang) that the capital of Shang Dynasty became stable. The capital of Yin was established in 273 years, so Shang Dynasty is also called "Yin" or "Yin Shang".
There are many Fang states in Shang Dynasty. Fang states are called "one side", "many sides" and "bang Fang" in oracle bone inscriptions of Yin Ruins. The leaders of Fang states can be called "Hou", "Bo", "bang bo", "Ren" and "Tian". Most of these countries developed independently from the tribes, and they lack internal connection with the Shang Kingdom, so they have strong independence. The relations between these countries and the Shang Kingdom were complicated. Some of them were enemies all the time, some were surrender or rebellion, and some were long-term alliance.
The Shang Dynasty was not a unified country, but a loose alliance with the Shang Kingdom as the main body.
The Shang Dynasty and the Fangguo were allies, and the influence of the Shang King depended on the rise and fall of the Shang Kingdom. Only when the political and economic strength was strong, the Shang Kingdom could be superior to the Fangguo, just like the Middle Kingdom. At this time, the king of Shang was able to exercise the royal power as the head of the princes and the leader of the alliance, and command the leaders of the Fang kingdom. This kind of command is called "Hu" or "Ling". In the oracle inscriptions of Yin Ruins, there are many records of the king of Shang "Hu" ("Ling") a certain Marquis and a certain uncle, which shows that the king of Shang had certain control over these countries. Even the most powerful state of Zhou in the West nominally recognized King Shang as the common master of the world. (Lei Haizong's outline of National History)
The king of Shang could only subdue people by force, not by virtue. The ancients used such words as "Dehua" or "Deze" to express the king's holy virtue. If a big country wants to control a small country, it needs to carry out the expedition resolutely, and the spiritual power dominating the expedition is "Virtue". The "Virtue" of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties was realized by expeditions.
In Shang Dynasty, the relationship between big country and small country was that between city and city. The city state is easy to be conquered. In order to make the rule permanent, it sometimes has to carry out frequent expeditions.
The Shang Dynasty was a city-state. As long as the other side's city was conquered, the other side would surrender, and then snatch the spoils and the people to win back the dynasty.
In the Shang Dynasty, there were still large blank areas. For the Shang Kingdom, there were not enough people to occupy all these areas. At that time, the main enemy forces were eliminated, and then the people in the occupied areas were allowed to execute the orders. These policies are called "laws" and "virtues" as well. The occupied city state needs to submit to the Middle Kingdom and pay tribute regularly.
In the Shang Dynasty, environmental conditions, water sources, topography, location, transportation, natural resources and other factors should be taken into consideration.
There are many merchant settlements along the tributaries of the river. This location is convenient for water collection, water transportation, farming and fire prevention. According to archaeological excavation, the settlements of Shang Dynasty had city walls, moats and drainage facilities from the inside to the outside.
In order to protect the living environment, most of the handicraft workshops in Shang Dynasty were located at the edge of the city. In order to keep the water source clean, many wells in Shang Dynasty were driven into the rock layer under the raw soil. In order to prevent sediment from muddy the well water, there were also water filtering facilities. In the Shang Dynasty, there were also laws to deal with solid waste. "Han Feizi neichu Shuo Shang" said: "the method of Yin, discard the dust in the fair, cut off the hand." The waste should be piled up at the designated place.
The location, planning, architecture and environmental protection of the settlements in Shang Dynasty reflected the harmonious relationship between man and land. Shang Dynasty's calendar and phenology knowledge showed the advanced nature of Shang culture, and the culture of merchants gradually spread to the four corners of the Yangtze River Valley and Sichuan, which had an impact on Southern culture.
The Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC ~ 1046 BC) is the second Dynasty in Chinese history and the first dynasty with direct written records of the same period.
Shang Tang, the leader of Shang tribe in Xia Dynasty, led the princes to establish Shang Dynasty in Bo (now Shangqiu) after the war of mingtiao destroyed Xia. After that, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently, and it was not until its descendant pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang) that the capital of Shang Dynasty became stable. The capital of Yin was established in 273 years, so Shang Dynasty is also called "Yin" or "Yin Shang".
There are many Fang states in Shang Dynasty. Fang states are called "one side", "many sides" and "bang Fang" in oracle bone inscriptions of Yin Ruins. The leaders of Fang states can be called "Hou", "Bo", "bang bo", "Ren" and "Tian". Most of these countries developed independently from the tribes, and they lack internal connection with the Shang Kingdom, so they have strong independence. The relations between these countries and the Shang Kingdom were complicated. Some of them were enemies all the time, some were surrender or rebellion, and some were long-term alliance.
The Shang Dynasty was not a unified country, but a loose alliance with the Shang Kingdom as the main body.
The Shang Dynasty and the Fangguo were allies, and the influence of the Shang King depended on the rise and fall of the Shang Kingdom. Only when the political and economic strength was strong, the Shang Kingdom could be superior to the Fangguo, just like the Middle Kingdom. At this time, the king of Shang was able to exercise the royal power as the head of the princes and the leader of the alliance, and command the leaders of the Fang kingdom. This kind of command is called "Hu" or "Ling". In the oracle inscriptions of Yin Ruins, there are many records of the king of Shang "Hu" ("Ling") a certain Marquis and a certain uncle, which shows that the king of Shang had certain control over these countries. Even the most powerful state of Zhou in the West nominally recognized King Shang as the common master of the world.
The king of Shang could only subdue people by force, not by virtue. The ancients used such words as "Dehua" or "Deze" to express the king's holy virtue. If a big country wants to control a small country, it needs to carry out the expedition resolutely, and the spiritual power dominating the expedition is "Virtue". The "Virtue" of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties was realized by expeditions.
In Shang Dynasty, the relationship between big country and small country was that between city and city. The city state is easy to be conquered. In order to make the rule permanent, it sometimes has to carry out frequent expeditions.
The Shang Dynasty was a city-state. As long as the other side's city was conquered, the other side would surrender, and then snatch the spoils and the people to win back the dynasty.
In the Shang Dynasty, there were still large blank areas. For the Shang Kingdom, there were not enough people to occupy all these areas. At that time, the main enemy forces were eliminated, and then the people in the occupied areas were allowed to execute the orders. These policies are called "laws" and "virtues" as well. The occupied city state needs to submit to the Middle Kingdom and pay tribute regularly.
In the Shang Dynasty, environmental conditions, water sources, topography, location, transportation, natural resources and other factors should be taken into consideration. ‘’
There are many merchant settlements along the tributaries of the river. This location is convenient for water collection, water transportation, farming and fire prevention. According to archaeological excavation, the settlements of Shang Dynasty had city walls, moats and drainage facilities from the inside to the outside.
In order to protect the living environment, most of the handicraft workshops in Shang Dynasty were located at the edge of the city. In order to keep the water source clean, many wells in Shang Dynasty were driven into the rock layer under the raw soil. In order to prevent sediment from muddy the well water, there were also water filtering facilities. In the Shang Dynasty, there were also laws to deal with solid waste. "Han Feizi neichu Shuo Shang" said: "the method of Yin, discard the dust in the fair, cut off the hand." The waste should be piled up at the designated place.
The location, planning, architecture and environmental protection of the settlements in Shang Dynasty reflected the harmonious relationship between man and land. Shang Dynasty's calendar and phenology knowledge showed the advanced nature of Shang culture, and the culture of merchants gradually spread to the four corners of the Yangtze River Valley and Sichuan, which had an impact on Southern culture.
