Brief introduction to the rule of Wenjing: when does the rule of culture appear?
The rule of Wenjing refers to the rule of the West Han Dynasty, the Emperor Wen and the emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, due to the years of war, social and economic depression, the Han government advocated Huang Lao Zhi Shu and adopted the policy of "giving a light corvee and relaxing with the people".
The emperor of Han Dynasty "except half of the land rent tax" twice in two years and twelve years respectively. The emperor was also free of farmland rent for 13 years. At the same time, it is not easy to send troops to neighboring hostile countries to maintain peace, so as to avoid wasting national strength. This is the policy of light corvee and light tax.
The emperor of Han Dynasty lived frugal, and the clothes in the palace were not added, the clothes were not dragged, the cars were not added, and the curtains were not embroidered. Moreover, the imperial edict forbids the prefecture and the state to contribute rare foreign matters. Therefore, the state expenditure is restrained, and the aristocratic bureaucrats dare not to luxury and extravagance, thus reducing the burden of the people.
Wenjing also attached importance to agriculture, and had repeatedly ordered that the class should be encouraged to teach agricultural mulberry, and set up several senior citizens, filial piety and Li Tian personnel according to the proportion of household registration, and give them rewards to encourage farmers to produce. Reward farmers who work hard to persuade all officials to care about mulberry. Every year, when they plough in spring, they go down to the ground to cultivate themselves and set an example for the people.
In the period of cultural scenery, we paid attention to "transforming people with virtue", and at that time, the society was more stable and made the people rich. By the late period of Jingdi, the national granary was full, and a large amount of copper money in the Treasury had not been used for many years, so that the rope worn out of money and the amount of money scattered could not be calculated.
With the recovery of production and rapid development, there is a stable and prosperous scene that has not been existed for many years. The living standard of the people has been greatly improved, and the material foundation of Han Dynasty has also been greatly enhanced, which is the first great era after Chinese civilization entered the Empire era. The rule of Wenjing is not only a great era of rapid economic and cultural development in Chinese history, but also a period of energy and energy for later Emperor Wu to recruit Xiongnu.
What is the reason why the rule of culture and scenery appears?
Because of the peasant war in the late Qin Dynasty and the four years of the Chu Han war, the society was turbulent and the economy was seriously damaged, which led to the poverty of the social economy in the early Western Han Dynasty. Historical records: the common people can not produce in the fields, famine everywhere, people eat people, the majority of the people died.
Even the emperor could not take four horses of pure color, and the generals could only take the ox cart. Facing this situation, Liu Bang, the high ancestor of Han Dynasty, adopted a loose policy of rest, living and living, and managed the world, so that soldiers could be demobilized and returned home, their corvee was exempted, agriculture and commerce were emphasized, and the broken social economy was restored. It is an urgent task to stabilize the feudal rule order and restore and develop the autocratic social economy of the monarchy.
After the death of the emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty broke out the chaos of zhulv after a period of turbulence. The Prime Minister Chen Ping, the Taiwei Zhoubo and Zhu Xu Hou Liu Zhang and other patriarchal ministers killed Zhulu, and welcomed Liu Heng as emperor, which was called Han Emperor, and the government of the Dynasty gradually stabilized.
Later, Liu Qi, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, the emperor of Han Dynasty and his later Emperor Wen and Emperor Han, took the measures of giving a light corvee and rest with the people, reducing the burden of peasants' corvee and labor, focusing on restoring agricultural production, stabilizing the feudal ruling order and paying attention to the development of agricultural production.
In the period of cultural scenery, we should advocate thrift, attach importance to "transforming people with virtue", and the society is more stable and the economy has been developed. It has always been regarded as a "prosperous era" of feudal society, and it is called "the rule of culture and scenery". During the 70 years from the beginning of Han Dynasty to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Wen and Jing were kind, polite and thrifty, believed in Huang Lao, and took the policy of quiet and non disturbing the people. The sea was rich and powerful. It laid a solid foundation for the cultural and military skills of the Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
The common people have no corvee inside and outside, they have to be close to the farmland, and the world is rich. Under the policy guidance of the thin tax persuading the peasants and resting with the people, after 41 years of governance of Wenjing emperor II, the Taiping era in the early Western Han Dynasty was ushered in. First, the burden on farmers has been greatly reduced. From the reign of the emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty (202 BC) to the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (141 BC), there were 62 years ago and then. The Western Han Dynasty implemented the policy of "light corvee and thin tax" which was regarded as a model in ancient China, and the burden of farmers was the lightest.
Since the 13th year of Emperor Wen (167 BC), the country was exempted from the land tax for 11 years. During this period, the burden of agricultural tax on farmers was gone, which was unique in feudal society. Therefore, it has been recognized in history that the burden of farmers in the early Western Han Dynasty was very light for more than 70 years.
Secondly, the people are rich and stable. The people who guard the Lu Yan eat Liang meat, and are the eldest sons of officials, and the resident officials take the surname number. Therefore, people love themselves and violate the law, and then shame on benevolence and righteousness. When this is the case, the net is sparse and rich. "Such a harmonious society of Ankang is rare in Chinese history.
Thirdly, the economic development and the state finance are enriched. Because of the development and prosperity of economy, the national finance has been quite different from that of the early days of the people's Republic of China. For example, in the context of the literary scene, "Taicang has the millet that cannot be eaten, and there is the money of immortality in all.".
When Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was in power, the state finance was on a new level. "All the despicable Yu are full, and the surplus goods and wealth of the Treasury, the capital teacher's money is huge, and the immortal and cannot be school, the millet of Taicang, Chen chenxiangyin, is full of exposed and accumulated outside, and can not be eaten by corruption.". The state financial strength is so strong, but also rare in the feudal society of China.
Therefore, the Western Han Dynasty, marked by the rule of culture and scenery, was achieved through the policy of giving a light corvee and a small amount of money. The national policy of "ruling without action" in the early Han Dynasty was not "Inaction" and "Inaction" but positive "doing something". That is to establish a stable and peaceful production environment for farmers, try to minimize the interference to farmers' living and production activities, and strive to ensure that the farmers' labor gets stable remuneration.
In eliminating the interference of farmers' production, one is to reduce the burden of government on Farmers' taxes and services, the other is to crack down on the infringement of the powerful on farmers; in terms of ensuring the income of farmers, on the one hand, agricultural tax is greatly reduced and on the one hand, the price is stabilized through fiscal and tax policies. In the peaceful times, the country has more fiscal revenue and higher income of the rich is not a sign, but more importantly, it depends on the degree of people's prosperity, especially the level of farmers' prosperity.
What measures have been taken in politics by the rule of wenjingzhi?
govern by doing nothing that goes against nature
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the political reform was carried out by using the dissatisfaction of the people with the residual and strict legal system of the Qin Dynasty and obeying the public opinion. In order to rest with the people, we adopted the rule of inaction, which is the first time Taoist thought has entered the room.
The so-called "indifference and inaction, but without governance, but without governance", the original way describes this principle. In administrative practice, such principles are implemented, as "the law of removing the strictness, the trouble of the things to be bothered" in the "Huainan Zi Yeming" and "there is no strict order on the top, and the official is not bothered to govern" in the Huainan Zi Qi customs.
Inaction politics seems to have a negative conservative tendency, but from other perspectives, it reveals the spirit of scientific objectivism. This policy emphasizes that administrative actions are not taken in vain, and few urgent measures are taken to avoid the interference of government and make social life stable in natural conditions. This political style is conducive to the stability of society and economic progress to a certain extent.
What measures have been taken in the military?
Strengthening military power
Military power is the most important power to protect the imperial power. On the night of entering Chang'an, the emperor of Han Dynasty ordered song Chang to be general Wei and the town was appointed to Fu the South and North army; Zhang Wu was ordered to be the order of Lang Zhong and patrol to protect the palace. There are the government departments who kill Shaohou emperor and his three younger brothers in their respective mansion. The emperor returned to the front hall, issued a decree overnight, amnesty.
Han Wendi knew that he had no strong political foundation in the Han Dynasty. Some clans thought that he was a "peach picking school", only relying on the support of a group of old ministers to ascend to the throne. What he faced was the growing and increasingly arrogant power of the princes. Therefore, his first task was to take the two strategies of Enwei and give to consolidate the imperial power.
Maintenance and unification
Because the Han Dynasty vigorously carried out inaction politics, it played a catalytic role in the vicious development of the powers of the princes. The situation of "no ending" will inevitably lead to sharp contradiction between the division of imperial power and royal power in Liu's clan, which has been intensified since the Emperor Wen was appointed.
In the three years of Emperor Wen (177 BC), liuxingju, king of Jibei, rebelled, and set the first precedent for the armed resistance of the kingdom against the Han Dynasty. The emperor sent troops to suppress, the rebels collapsed in a moment, and Liu Xingju committed suicide after being captured. Only three years later, Liu Chang, the king of Huainan, raised the flag of treason. But it was not yet acted, that is, it was discovered by the court. Wen Di sent a message to Liu Chang to Beijing, and then went to his seal and sent him to Shu county. On the way, Liu died of a hunger strike.
What are the economic measures?
Rest with the people
The two generations of Wenjing adopted the above-mentioned measures, which made the social and economic development remarkable at that time, and the feudal rule order was also consolidated. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the Grand Marquis was only able to seal the country, and the small number of 5600. In the literary scene era, the exiles returned to the countryside, and the household registration was rapidly complicated. The large of the feudal lords reached 340000, and the small ones also had double accounts, and were much richer than in the past.
The development of agriculture has greatly reduced the price of grain. In the early years of Emperor Wen, the amount of millet per stone was more than ten to ten. According to the records of the Han Dynasty book, food and goods records, during the 70 years from the beginning of Han Dynasty to Emperor Wu's reign, because of the domestic political stability, as long as there is no flood and drought, people always give their families, and the prefecture and country are full of grain. The grain in the big warehouse is rotten and cannot be eaten due to Chen Chen Xiangyin. The government granary has more than money.
Reducing miscellaneous taxes
After the Han emperor ascended the throne, the tax rate of land tax was reduced by the prohibition of JOFA province. When Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty, he ordered "to reduce the land rent and to pay 15 taxes and one tax again". It can be seen that the tax rate of the Han Gaozu was increased in the later 12 years due to the national financial needs. However, after emperor Huidi was in the position in the 12th year of Han Gaozu, he immediately restored the original tax rate, so that the 15th tax rate would be kept, even if Lu later took power, it did not change.
When Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, the tax rate of farmland rent was further reduced and the tax rate was "30 taxes and one tax". This is the lowest period of tax rate in feudal society in China, and it will never change since. In the second year of the emperor Jing (155 BC), he also issued an imperial edict: "let the people rent half out of the field, and tax one in thirty years. "The former 15 tax one land rent was reduced by half.
Encourage production
Wenjing two emperors have repeatedly urged the class to teach agricultural mulberry, set up three old people, filial piety and Li Tian members according to the proportion of household registration, and often give them rewards to encourage farmers to develop production, and encourage the people to open up the famine through various preferential tax policies.
What are the cultural measures?
In the period of emperor Jingdi, due to the recovery and development of social economy, the ruling class gradually attached importance to the development of cultural and educational undertakings from Jingdi to county officials. WenWeng was appointed as the governor of Shu County in the last year of the emperor of Han Dynasty. WenWeng first founded the study of the prefecture and state officials.
For the thought, the emperor of Han Dynasty no longer strictly prohibited the development of other schools. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the Huang Lao school, named after the Emperor Huang and Laozi, advocated that nothing should be done and the corvee should be given a light light. While advocating Huang Lao, Jingdi also made other schools including Confucianism exist and develop, which provided the precondition for the later development of Dong Zhongshu theory and the importance of the Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
