Yao was a well-known leader of the tribal alliance after the Yellow Emperor. Before Yao died, Yao gave the position of leader of the tribal alliance to Shun and promoted Shun as emperor. This kind of abdication is called "abdication" in history.
Tang Yao passed the throne to Yu Shun, and Yu Shun passed the throne to Dayu, which became the national philosophy of governing the country for five thousand years.
From generation to generation, people have honored Yao, Shun, and Yu as the ancient kings. Yao, Shun, and Yu passed on: "people's mind is only in danger, Tao's mind is only tiny, and the essence is the only one. They are willing to hold on to the truth.
History
Survey
The system of Chinese leaders in the period of five emperors in ancient China (2337-2110 BC). Before the implementation of the "abdication" system, that is, in the "three emperor era" (2607-2338 BC), the system of succession by blood was implemented, in which the father died and the son succeeded, the elder brother died and the younger brother succeeded. The highest leader of the country was born in the family of Feng. The system was abolished in 2338 BC. The five emperors' era is the so-called "public world" era, in which a system of "imitating the father to die and the son to succeed, the elder brother to end and the younger brother to succeed" was implemented to produce the state leaders. This is a non lineage or "imitating lineage" system of succession to the throne. From the Yellow Emperor, the throne was not passed on to the eldest son. Huang Di's surname is Ji, and Zen is located in SHAOHAO, Ying's surname; SHAOHAO Zen is located in Zhuanxu, Huang's grandson; Zhuanxu's first pass is located in his eldest son (called "Ru Di"); Ru Di died early; the throne is inherited by he, the son of Zhuanxu, who is Huang's great grandson; DIHE's pass is located in dizhi, his son; dizhi Zen is located in Yao, Yiqi's stepbrother; Diyao Zen is located in Shun, Yao's surname; and Dishun Zen is located in Yu, Si's surname.
It is said that when Yao was old, he held a meeting of the tribal alliance, and all the tribal leaders elected Shun as their successor. Yao then assessed Shun for three years, thought that he was competent, and ordered Shun Regent. Shun's achievements were affirmed by all parties, so Emperor Yao held a abdication ceremony and strongly recommended Shun as his successor in front of the ancestral tablet in the ancestral temple. After Yao died, Shun took over as the leader of the country. After Shun succeeded to the throne, he also used the same method to select national leaders. After the test of flood control, all parties agreed with Dayu's performance, so Emperor Shun held a abdication ceremony and strongly recommended Dayu as his successor in front of the ancestral tablet in the ancestral temple. Yu became the leader of the country after Shun died. After Yu succeeded to the throne, he appointed Gao Tao and Bo Yi as alternate successors in the same way, but it seems that there was no formal abdication ceremony. This practice of democratic consultation by the vassals reflects the complicated tribal political situation in the era of the five emperors in China, and is the result of tribal political wrestling. The first dynasty recorded in Chinese history. According to historical records, the Xia Dynasty was the first country in Chinese history established by Yu's son, Qi Qi, in addition to the traditional tribal "abdication" system. The system of abdication was replaced by the system of abdication, which became the hereditary system of the throne. After that, all the dynasties went together. The system of abdication exists in name but dies in reality (the so-called "survival in name" means that there was still a major ceremony of abdication before the hereditary system was implemented in the later dynasties. For example, when the Shang Dynasty was founded, Shangtang held a meeting of 3000 princes, at which Shangtang "abdicated the throne three times"; when the Ming Dynasty was founded, Zhu Yuanzhang also "abdicated the throne three times". "San rang Wang" is not so much a political performance as a relic of the ancient abdication system.
The age of legend
It is said that after the Yellow Emperor, he visited three famous leaders, Yao, Shun and Yu. There are many records about their "abdication" in ancient books.
Yao, named Tao Tang, was the son of DIHE and the fifth grandson of Huangdi. He lived in Pingyang (now Linfen County, Shanxi Province). Yao became the leader of the tribal alliance. He lived in a thatched cottage like everyone else. He ate brown rice and cooked wild vegetables to make soup. In summer, he wore coarse linen clothes. In winter, he only added a piece of deerskin to keep out the cold. His clothes and shoes would never be changed until they were in tatters. The common people supported him as if they loved his parents.
After 70 years in power, Yao was old. His son, Danzhu, is very rough and noisy. Some people recommended Dan Zhu to succeed to the throne, but Yao did not agree. Later, Yao held a meeting of the tribal alliance to discuss the selection of successors. Everyone recommended Yu Shun, saying that he was a very capable person with both ability and political integrity. Yao was very happy and married his two daughters, e Huang and nu Ying, to shun. After three years of testing, he abdicated the throne to shun.
Shun, with the surname of Yu, is said to be the seventh grandson of Zhuan Xu, who was born in Zhufeng (now in Shandong Province) nine times away from the Yellow Emperor. After taking over the throne, Shun cultivated, fished and made pottery himself, which was deeply loved by everyone. Through the tribal alliance meeting, he made eight yuan manage land, eight Kai manage education, contract manage civil affairs, benefit manage mountains and rivers, Boyi manage sacrifice, gaotao make punishment, and improved the social management system. He also followed Yao's example and held a meeting of candidates for the throne to discuss democratically. Yu was chosen as the successor. Shun was in poor health in his later years. He still went to the south for inspection. He died on his way to Cangwu (now in Hunan Province). After Shun died, Yu became the leader of the tribal alliance.
The historical legend of Yao and Shun's abdication reflects the democratic system of ancient China.
The Warring States period
In 316 B.C., King Yan Jikua abdicated to Prime Minister Zizhi. Prince Ping of Yan and jiangjunshi were killed by the common people instead of being restored. The state of Qi took the opportunity to attack the state of Yan, and Yan Kuai and his son were both killed. Zhao sent his son back to the state of Yan to be king, that is, King Zhao of Yan. There has always been a lot of controversy about whether King Yanzhao is Prince Ping or childe. The modern unearthed "King yanzhige" proves that King Yanzhao should be childe.
In 299 BC, Zhao yongchan, the king of Zhao Wuling, gave his son Zhao Huiwen, the king of Zhao he (inner Chan), who called himself the father. His father wanted to make gongzizhang the king of the state of Zhao, and planned to split the state of Zhao. Li Dui, the minister, and gongzicheng launched the sand dune palace to kill gongzizhang. His father was trapped in the palace, unable to eat, and starved to death.
Qin Han to Tang Dynasty
In the 8th year of the Western Han Dynasty, the crown prince Liu Yingchan was granted the title of Duke Ding'an to the emperor Wang Mang. After Wang Mang was defeated and killed, the warlord Fang Wangmou made Liu Ying emperor. In February of the 25th year of the reform, Liu Xuan, the emperor of the reform, sent Li Song to defeat Fang Wang. Liu Ying was killed by disorderly soldiers at the age of 21.
In 220, Emperor Xiandi Liu xiechan of the Han Dynasty granted the title of shanyanggong to Emperor Wendi Cao Pi of the Wei Dynasty. Wei Qinglong died in March of the second year (234).
In 265, Cao Huan, emperor of the Yuan Dynasty of the Wei Dynasty, granted the title of Chen Liuwang to Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty. Jin Tai'an first year (302 years) died.
In 301, Sima Zhong, Emperor Huidi of Jin Dynasty, abdicated to Sima Lun, king of Zhao Dynasty. In March of the same year, Sima Lun was defeated and killed, and Emperor Huidi of Jin Dynasty was restored. Guangxi first year (307) in November was poisoned.
In 399, Liang Taizu LV Guangchan gave his son Liang Yinwang LV Shao (inner Chan).
In 403, Sima Dezong, the emperor of Jin'an, abdicated to Huan Xuan, the emperor of Chu, and granted him the title of King Pinggu. In June 404, Huan Xuan was defeated and killed, and Jin'an emperor was restored. In December 419, Liu Yu ordered Wang Shaozhi to kill Jin'an emperor.
In 420, Sima Dewen, Emperor Gong of Jin Dynasty, abdicated to Liu Yu, Emperor Wu of Song Dynasty, and was granted the title of King Lingling. He was killed by Liu Yu in September 421.
In 471, Emperor Xianwen of Wei gave his son, Emperor Yuanhong of Wei Xiaowen (inner Zen), the title of emperor himself. In June of the first year of Chengming (476), she was forced to commit suicide or poisoned by Empress Dowager Feng.
In 479, Liu zhunchen, Emperor Shun of Song Dynasty, granted the title of Ruyin king to Xiao Daocheng, Emperor Gao of Qi Dynasty. In May of the first year of Jianyuan (479), he was mistakenly killed by soldiers under surveillance.
In 502, Emperor Qihe Xiao Baorong abdicated to Emperor Liangwu Xiao Yan and was granted the title of King baling. In April of the first year of Tianjian (502), Shen Yue advised Xiao Yan to kill Xiao Baorong.
In 531, er Zhu's warlord pretended to be an imperial edict, forcing Yuanye, Emperor Changguang of the Northern Wei Dynasty, to abdicate to Yuangong, Emperor Jiemin.
In 532, Gao Huan forced the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty to abdicate to Emperor Xiaowu.
In 550, Emperor Xiaojing of Wei Yuan Shanjian abdicated to Emperor Wenxuan of Qi Gaoyang and was granted the title of Zhongshan king. In December of the second year of Tianbao (551), he was poisoned by Gao Yang.
In 551, Hou Jing, a warlord, pretended to be an imperial edict and forced Xiao gangchan, Emperor Jianwen of Liang Dynasty, to surrender the title of King Jin'an to Xiao Dong. In October 551, Dabao was killed by Hou Jing.
In 551, Xiao dongchan gave Hou Jing the title of King Huaiyin. Later, he was drowned by Emperor Liang Yuan.
In 557, Liang Jingdi Xiao Fangzhi abdicated to Chen Wudi, Chen Baxian, and was granted the title of Jiangyin king. In March of 558, Yongding was killed by Chen Baxian.
In 557, Wei Gong emperor yuankuo abdicated to Zhou Xiaomin emperor yuwenjue and granted him the title of song Gong. He was soon killed by yuwenhu.
In 565, Gao Zhan, Emperor Wucheng of Qi, gave his son, empress Qi, the title of emperor Gaowei. He died in December of the fourth year of Tiantong (569).
In 577, Emperor Gaowei abdicated to his son gaoheng (inner Zen), who was the Emperor himself. Shirking responsibility in the crisis, the whole family was captured in the first month of the first year of Chengguang (577), and was falsely accused of treason and killed in the seventh year of Jiande (578).
In 579, Emperor Xuan of Zhou Yu Wen Chan gave way to his son, Emperor Jing of Zhou, Yu Wen Shan (inner Chan), who called himself Emperor Tianyuan. The elephant died in May of the second year (580).
In 581, Emperor Yuwen of Zhou Jing abdicated to Emperor Yang Jian of Sui Dynasty and was granted the title of Duke Jie. He was killed in May of the first year of kaihuang (581).
In 618, Emperor Gong of the Sui Dynasty Yang Fu Chan gave Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, the title of Duke Fu. In May of the second year of Wude (619), he died or was killed.
In 619, Emperor Gong of the Sui Dynasty Yang dongchan gave Wang Shichong the title of Duke of Lu. In June of the second year of Huangtai (619), he was strangled by Wang Shichong.
In 626, Li yuanchan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, gave his son Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. He died in May of the ninth year of Zhenguan (635).
In 690, Li danchan, Emperor Ruizong of the Tang Dynasty, gave his mother Wu Xun (neichan) the name of Wu.
In 705, Wu Tuo abdicated to his son Li Xian (inner Zen), the emperor of Zetian. In February of the first year of Shenlong (705), the state of Tang was restored. In November of the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zetian died.
In 710, Tang Shang Emperor Li chongmao abdicated to his uncle, Tang Ruizong Li Dan (inner Zen), and became King Wen. In July of the second year of Kaiyuan (714), he was demoted by his brother Li Chongfu's rebellion and died inexplicably.
In 712, Li Dan of Tang Ruizong gave his son Li Longji of Tang Xuanzong (inner Zen), who called himself Emperor. He died in June of 716.
In 805, Emperor Shunzong of the Tang Dynasty gave his son Li Chun, Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty. Yuan he died in the first month of the first year (806).
In 900, Li yechan, Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Dynasty, gave his son Li Yu, king of virtue (inner Chan). In November of the third year of Guanghua (900 AD), eunuchs Liu Jishu and Wang Zhongxian appointed emperor Zhaozong of Tang Dynasty and Prince Li Yu as emperor. In the first month of Tianfu's first year, Tang Zhaozong was restored, and in August of Tianyou's first year (904), he died at the hands of Zhu Wen, a powerful minister.
In 907, Li Chan, Emperor AI of the Tang Dynasty, granted the title of Jiyin king to Zhu Wen, Emperor Taizu of the Liang Dynasty. Zhu Wen poisoned him in February of the fifth year of Tianyou (the second year of Kaiping, 908).
Five Dynasties to Song Dynasty
In 937, Yang PUCHAN, Emperor Wu Rui, made a concession to Li Min, Emperor Tang liezu, and was honored as emperor gaoshangsi xuanhonggurang. In December 938, he was imprisoned to death.
In 951, Li Sanniang, Empress Dowager of the later Han Dynasty, abdicated the throne of the Han Dynasty to Guo Wei, Taizu of the Zhou Dynasty.
In 960, Chai zongxun, Emperor Gongdi of Zhou, abdicated to Zhao Kuangyin, Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty, and became king Zheng. He died in March, 973.
In 1125, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty gave the throne to his son, Emperor qinzong of the Song Dynasty. In the first year of Jingkang (1126), the Jin emperor abolished Zhao Huan, the Emperor Huizong and the emperor ziqinzong of Song Dynasty, as a common man. In March 1127, Jingkang was escorted northward. He died in April 1135.
In 1127, Zhang bangchang, the puppet emperor of Chu, returned to the government of the Zhao family, respected the Empress Dowager Yuanyou of Song Dynasty as the Empress Dowager of Song Dynasty, and invited Zhao Gou of Song Dynasty to be emperor. Zhang bangchang was granted the title of Taibao, Jiedushi of Fengguo army and king of Tongan Prefecture. He was given death in September of the first year of Jianyan (1127).
In 1130, Zhao gouchan, the Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, gave his son Zhao Zhuo, the emperor Jianzong of the Song Dynasty (inner Zen), and then restored.
In 1162, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty gave Zhao Min (inner Zen), his adopted son, the title of Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty. Chunxi 14 years (1187) died in October.
In 1189, song Xiaozong Zhao Min gave his son song Guangzong Zhao Dun (inner Zen) the throne of Zen, calling himself supreme emperor. He died in June 1194.
In 1194, Zhao Dun of song Guangzong gave his son Zhao Kuang of song ningzong (inner Chan), who called himself supreme emperor. He died in August of the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200).
