It is said that the eye has two pupils, so it is named "Chonghua". Emperor Shun was born in 2277 BC and died in 2178 BC. After his death, he was in the position of Yu. According to records of the historian, Shun was famous for Huazhong, and huangfumi in Jin Dynasty also said that he was named dujun. Shun, also known as Yushun, is said to be the state name of Youyu. According to the custom of taking the state as the surname in the pre Qin period, Emperor Shun's statue (17 pieces) is called Youyu. Shun was born in Yaoxu, so his surname is Yao. His name is Chonghua, and his word is dujun. Shun you, one of the five emperors, was born in Yao di (now fan County, Puyang, Henan Province), so he took Yao as his surname, and his descendants took Di as their surname, which was called Yao's. Before Shun became emperor, Siyue recommended Tao Tang to Emperor Yao. After Shun succeeded to the throne, Emperor Yao married his two daughters to Shun and let them live by the Gui River. Some of their descendants lived by the Gui River and took GUI as their surname. According to Zheng Qiao's Tongzhi · clan brief, Yu has two surnames, Yao Yuegui. Shun was named Yao because of Yao Xu's birth and GUI because of GUI Shui's residence. Therefore, the five surnames of GUI, Chen, Tian, Yao and Hu were named in history. GuiGui, the ancient name of water, is also called GUI. In today's yongji'nan, Shanxi Province, it originates from Lishan and flows into the Yellow River in the West. As mentioned earlier, Emperor Shun originally took the surname Yao, but he got the surname GUI because he later lived in GuiGui. Therefore, his native place is sometimes considered to be Shanxi, but shun was originally from Yao (now Puyang, Henan, Shangyu, Zhejiang).
Personal life
Shun has always been known as the holy king of legend together with Yao. According to records of the historian, Shun was famous for Huazhong, and huangfumi in Jin Dynasty also said that he was named dujun. Shun, also known as Yushun, is said to be the state name Youyu. According to the custom of taking the state as the surname in the pre Qin period, it is called Youyu. It is also said that Shun was born in Yaoxu, so his surname is Yao. His name is "Chonghua", and his word is dujun. It is said that Shun's family is very humble. Although he is the descendant of Zhuanxiang, he is a common man in the lower class. Shun's experience is more unfortunate. His father is blind and his mother died early. The old man continued to marry, and his stepmother gave birth to a younger brother named Xiang. Shun lived in a family environment of "stubborn father, noisy mother and proud elephant". His father had a bad heart, his stepmother had two sides, and his younger brother was rebellious. Several people colluded with each other and wanted to kill him. However, Shun was filial to his parents and was friendly with his younger brother. He was as friendly as a day for many years without any slackness. When the people of Emperor Shun wanted to harm him in his family, Shun fled in time; when he got better, he immediately came back to them and helped them as much as possible, so he "wanted to kill, but could not get; that is to say, he wanted to taste (often) on the side." his life experience was so unfortunate and the environment was so bad, but shun could show extraordinary moral character and deal with family relations well, which was a unique aspect of his legend.
Shun's family was poor, so he engaged in all kinds of physical labor and experienced ups and downs. He cultivated in Lishan (today's land is unknown, that is, today's Zhongtiaoshan in Yongji County), fished in Leize (formerly known as ancient leixiaze in Jiyin, Shandong Province), made pottery on the Bank of the Yellow River, made household utensils in Shouqiu (today's land is unknown), and did small business in negative summer (today's land is unknown). In short, he had a hard life and was wandering around to support his family. It is said that Shun was very famous when he was 20 years old. He was famous for his filial piety. Because of his filial piety to his parents who abused and persecuted him, he was called Yang in his youth. Ten years later, Yao asked Siyue (the head of the four Princes) for a successor, and Siyue recommended Shun. Yao married his two daughters to shun to examine his character and ability. Shun not only made the two daughters live in harmony with the whole family, but also showed outstanding talent and noble personality in all aspects. "Shun plowed Lishan, and all the people in Lishan gave way to the riverside; Yu Leize, and all the people in Leize gave way to the riverside." as long as it was the place where he worked, there was a trend of comity. "Pottery riverside, Riverside ware are not bitter." making pottery can also lead the people around him to work seriously, Keep improving and eliminate the phenomenon of rough manufacturing. Wherever he went, people were willing to follow him, so "he lived in a village in one year, a city in two years, and Chengdu in three years.". Yao was very happy to learn about this. He gave Shun Yi (xigebuyi) and Qin, cattle and sheep, and built a barn for him.
Shun got these rewards. The old man and the elephant were very jealous. They wanted to kill Shun and seize the property. He asked Shun to repair the roof of the barn, but set the barn on fire below. Relying on two bamboo hats as wings, Shun jumped from the house and survived. Later, he asked Shun to dig a well. The well was very deep, but he and Xiang filled it with earth. They wanted to plug the well and bury Shun alive in it. Thanks to shun's vigilance, he dug a passage beside the shaft and went through the passage to hide for a period of time. He and Xiang thought that the plot was successful. Xiang said that he had come up with the idea of sharing things with Qin, Yao's two daughters as his wife, and the cattle, sheep and barn to his parents. Xiang lived in Shun's house and played Shun's piano. When Shun went to see him, Xiang was surprised. The eldest was not happy, but he said, "I think Shun is Yutao!" Shun, as always, was filial to his parents and friendly to his brothers, and he was more sincere and cautious than before. Later, Yao asked Shun to participate in political affairs, manage officials, receive guests, and undergo various trials. Shun not only dealt with political affairs in an orderly way, but also improved in the employment. The eight yuan and eight Kai, which Yao failed to use, have long been well-known. Shun made the eight yuan in charge of land and the eight Kai in charge of education. There were also the four evil families, namely, hundun, hunqi, Taowu and Taotie. Although they were notorious, they could not be dealt with by Yao. Shun exiled the four evil families to the remote areas The land of barbarism. The implementation of these measures showed Shun's statecraft and political ability.
After many tests, Shun was finally recognized by Yao. On the auspicious day, a grand ceremony was held. Yao was in the position of Shun. In the book of history, it is said that Shun "received the Emperor Wen Zu". It is also said that Shun took the place of Yao in the administration of the son of heaven. Although he had the power of the son of heaven, he did not have the name of the son of heaven. A legend quite different from these two theories is that Shun imprisoned Yao and did not let his son Danzhu see him. However, Shun became the Emperor himself, which was similar to the palace coup of later generations and usurped power.
After Shun came to power, it is said that there were a series of major political actions, a school of hardworking weather. He revised the calendar, held a ceremony to offer sacrifices to God, heaven and earth, and the gods of mountains and rivers. He also collected the letters and guises of the princes, and then selected the auspicious day to summon the princes of various places, held a grand ceremony to re issue the letters and guises. In the year when he ascended the throne, he went to various places to patrol and guard, sacrifice famous mountains, summon princes, and investigate the people's conditions; he also stipulated that he would patrol and guard once in the next five years to inspect the achievements of the princes, and clearly set rewards and punishments. It can be seen that Shun paid attention to the connection with the local areas, and strengthened his rule over the local areas. According to the legend, another strategy of Shun's governing the country is "to punish the elephant with the code and to forgive the five punishments". Five kinds of punishments are drawn on the utensils to serve as a warning; banishment is used to replace corporal punishment to show leniency. But there were also flogging, flogging and ransom, especially for those who refused to repent. Shun exiled Gonggong to Youzhou, huandou to Chongshan, Sanmiao to Sanwei, and Gan to Yushan. The bad guys were punished, and the whole world was convinced.
According to the legend in historical records, Yao died in the 28th year of Regent Shun. After his funeral in the third year, Shun abdicated to Yao's son Danzhu and retreated to the south of the Nanhe river. However, all the princes in the world went to court to see Shun, but they did not pay attention to Danzhu. All the litigants complained to shun, and many folk songs were made up to praise Shun, but they did not pay attention to Danzhu. Shun felt that the will of the people and the will of heaven could not be shirked, so he returned to the capital and ascended the throne of the emperor. However, according to legend, the capital of Shun was not in the same place as that of Yao. According to Huang Fumi quoted in Mao Shi Zheng Yi by Kong Yingda of Tang Dynasty, "Shun was the capital of camp, or YUNPU ban." In Tang Dynasty, Puban was Hedong County, which is now Yongji County in Shanxi Province.
After Yao's death, Shun had a great political revolution. The responsibilities of Yu, gaotao, Qi, abandon, Boyi, Kui, long, Chui, Yi, etc., which had been used before, were not clear. At this time, Shun ordered Yu to be Sikong to control soil and water; ordered abandon to be Houji to take charge of agriculture; ordered Qi to be situ to carry out enlightenment; ordered gaotao to be "Shi" to take charge of criminal law; ordered Chui to be "Gonggong" to take charge of Baigong; ordered Yi to be "Yu" to take charge of mountains and forests; ordered Bo Yi served as "Zhi Zong" and presided over etiquette; Kui was appointed as music officer to take charge of music and education; long Dan was appointed as "Na Yan" and was responsible for issuing orders and collecting opinions. It is also stipulated that political achievements should be inspected once every three years, and promotion or removal should be decided according to the results of the inspection. Through such rectification, every work has taken on a new look. All these people have made brilliant achievements, among which Yu made the greatest achievement. He worked hard to control the flood. As an example, he chiseled mountains and rivers, finally subdued the flood and made the people live and work in peace and contentment. When compared with this, the "Emperor Shun's achievements are respected in the four seas" and "all the virtues of the world start from Emperor Yu", showing an unprecedented situation of peace. Shun
When Shun was old, he thought that his son Shang was unworthy, so he decided that Yu, who had the highest prestige, was his successor, and he took charge of politics. Therefore, like Yao, Shun was the sage king who gave up the throne. It is said that after the death of Yao, Shun lived in the south for 39 years and died in the field of Cangwu. He was buried in Jiuyi mountain in the south of the Yangtze River, which is called Lingling.
The story of abdication
It is said that after the Yellow Emperor, there were three famous tribal alliance leaders named Yao, Shun and Yu. They used to be the leaders of a tribe, but later they were elected as the leaders of the tribal alliance.
At that time, the leaders of the tribal alliance had to consult with the leaders of each tribe about any major events. Yao is old and wants to find someone to succeed him. Once, he called together the leaders of the four tribes to discuss. After Yao told his plan, a man named Fang Qi said, "your son Dan Zhu is an enlightened man. It's just right to inherit your position.". Yao said seriously: No, this boy has bad moral character and loves to quarrel with others. Another man, Hua ndou, said: the water conservancy workers have done a good job. Yao shook his head and said: Gonggong is a good talker. He is respectful on the surface, but he has a different set of ideas in his heart. I'm not at ease with this number. "
The discussion was fruitless, and Yao continued to look for his successor. On one occasion, he asked the leaders of the four tribes for advice. All who attended the meeting unanimously recommended Shun. Yao nodded and said: Oh! I also heard that this person is very good. Can you elaborate on his deeds?
At the temple of Emperor Shun, everyone told the story of Shun: Shun's father was a muddleheaded man. People called him gusou. Shun's mother died early, and his stepmother was very bad. His stepmother's younger brother was named Xiang. He was too arrogant to say, but he was very fond of him. Shun, named xuanjing or Chongming or Chonghua, was the eighth grandson of the Yellow Emperor. He was born in Yaodi (now fan County, Puyang, Henan Province) and took the name of Diqu as Yao. Shun lived in such a family and treated his parents and younger brother very well. Therefore, we think Shun is a man of good virtue.
Yao was very happy to hear that and decided to investigate Shun first. He married his two daughters, e Huang and nu Ying, to shun. He also built a granary for Shun and gave him a lot of cattle and sheep. When the stepmother and brother met, they were both envious and envious. They tried to plot against Shun several times.
Once, he asked Shun to mend the top of the granary. When Shun climbed up to the top of the warehouse with a ladder, he set fire below and wanted to burn Shun to death. Shun saw a fire on the top of the warehouse and wanted to find a ladder. The ladder had disappeared. Fortunately, Shun took two hats with him to cover the sun. He took the hat in both hands and jumped down like a bird flapping its wings. The hat floated with the wind, and Shun fell to the ground gently without any injury.
The old man and the elephant were not reconciled. They asked Shun to go to the well. After Shun jumped down the well, he and Xiang threw pieces of earth and rock down on the ground and filled up the well, trying to bury Shun alive in it. Unexpectedly, after Shun went down the well, he dug a hole beside the well, drilled it out, and went home safely. Xiang didn't know that Shun was out of danger long ago. He came home triumphantly and said to old man: this time, my brother must be dead. I came up with this wonderful plan. Now we can share our brother's property. With that, he went to the house where Shun lived. As soon as he entered the room, Shun was sitting by the bed playing the piano. The elephant was surprised in his heart and said with embarrassment: ah, how I miss you! Shun also pretended to be nothing, said: you come just in time, I have many things, just need you to help me to take care of it. After that, Shun treated his parents and younger brother as well as he used to, and he did not dare to harm Shun any more.
After hearing about Shun's deeds, Yao thought that Shun was a man of good moral character and ability, so he gave up the position of leader to shun. This kind of abdication is historically called Shan abdication. In fact, during the period of the clan commune, the tribal leaders were old, and it was not uncommon to elect new leaders by election.
After taking over the throne, Shun was also hardworking and frugal. He worked like the common people and was trusted by everyone. After a few years, Yao died, and Shun wanted to give up the position of leader of the tribal alliance to Yao's son Danzhu, which was also disapproved by everyone. Shun became the leader.
historical origin
The main deeds of Shun recorded in Yao Dian are: ordering Houji to plant all kinds of grain on time; digging ditches to facilitate irrigation; dredging rivers to control floods; announcing five punishments to eliminate the four murderers. For example, Shun appointed Yu to be Sikong, who was in charge of soil and water conservation; ordered Yu to be Houji, who was in charge of agriculture; ordered Qi to be situ, who was in charge of five religions; ordered gaotao to manage five punishments, and so on. When Shun was the leader, he did all kinds of work well, and created a harmonious situation in ancient times, so Shun became the most powerful leader in the Central Plains.
After Shun became the emperor, he extensively solicited the opinions of Siyue and other ministers, punished the treacherous and sycophantic, and appointed the virtuous and capable. On the one hand, he exiled Gonggong, badger pocket and Sanmiao to the north, South and West, and executed Gan in Yushan, which made the border areas serve and the nation harmonious. On the other hand, he employed 22 sages, such as gaotao, to make their own achievements and prosperity. Among them, Yu is the most famous.
At that time, Shun was 61 years old, and he wanted to find a successor with noble morality, wisdom and benevolence. At this time, Siyue, who had recommended Shun to Yao, went out to play again: "I think Yu can use it." Shun thought for a while and said, "is it the son of Kan who was killed by me because of his ineffective flood control?"
"Exactly," said Siyue, "the king must not judge his son according to his father. Yu is indeed a rare talent."
Shun said with a smile, "don't worry. I know what you mean."
Soon, Shun didn't avoid the past, so he used Yuzi to control the flood. He also wanted to verify the words of Siyue.
Yu deeply felt Shun's trust and tried hard to repay him, so he spared no pains in flood control. After a long-term on-the-spot investigation, he confirmed that the only way to block the breach with his father was not good at all, but to dredge. He led the people to open mountains and rivers, dredge rivers, not only eliminated the flood, roughly determined the division of Kyushu, but also restored production and made the people live and work in peace and contentment.
Emperor Shun was very happy, so he followed the example of Emperor Yao and abdicated the throne to Yu. Yu refused, so Shun temporarily suspended, but let Yu begin to take charge of all the officials and manage the affairs of the state, although he did not have the name of an emperor.
Emperor Shun visited the south when he was 100 years old, but unfortunately he died in Cangwu. Later, he was buried in Jiuyi mountain, which was later called Lingling (now Southeast of Ningyuan County, Hunan Province). After he ascended the throne, Shun continued to visit his parents and younger brother, who had persecuted him. His life was a life of benevolence, filial piety and openness, which played a vital role in the formation of the honest and honest folk customs of the Chinese nation.
