At this time, we should pay attention to that, in pre Qin and before, due to different status and experience, what is placed in front of the name to mark is different from each other, not to generalize what "women speak surname, male speaking name". For example, the monarch is generally not named surname, such as jiangxiaobai, Duke of Huan of Qi, and no one remembers him as lvxiaobai. Before he was a monarch, he was often called the son Xiaobai, saying that he was a "son" of Qi State, or simply called his name. Similar situations such as the King Wen of Jin Dynasty paid attention to. The reason for this may be that the surname is more important to the monarch than anything. Whether the eight surnames of Ji, Jiang, Ying and other ancient names are important criteria to distinguish whether the Chinese state is the same, and once he becomes a monarch, the previous surname will no longer be used by himself. Moreover, after entering the patriarchal society, the surname only comes from the patriarchal family. The so-called surname is afraid that the Jewish habits will be planted.
But for the Qing officials, they mainly use surnames, such as Guan Zhong, who is Guan Shi and Ji surname. After all, if a more traditional feudal state, such as Lu, more than half of the Qing officials are the same surname is very normal, you have to use the surname, then it is completely unclear who is who. The surname originated from the most famous names or official names, such as Zhao, Wei, Wei, song, etc. (Zhao and Wei were the places to be sealed). In addition, some special princes may not have the descendants of the official office who have the name of the state as "surname". For example, the Jin State has experienced the internal chaos of "Quwo generation wing" and the killing of the princes, and there is no official office in Jin for a while. One of the problems to be noted is that the surname can be changed, especially after being granted the seal of the land, the whole family can be changed together, but the surname is not. For example, the ancestor of Wei was Biwan, who was sealed up on the territory of the country of Wei, which was destroyed because of his merits. Therefore, his descendants changed the family family into Wei. What was funny in Jin was that Xun's family, who was active in the period of Jin Wengong (the predecessor of Zhi family, who was later defeated by Han Zhao Wei three families and Qi State, was divided from the original family. The original surname was named in the original country, but the former state was destroyed by Jin Dynasty and then was sealed to Xian, and then his surname was changed into "original"
For ordinary people, occupation is the most important sign. For example, in the pre Qin Dynasty, the "teacher" refers to musicians, so many musicians are called "Shi", and even some generations of musicians' families simply take "Shi" as their surname. However, this does not mean that civilians have no surnames, but they are not recorded. Only slaves, especially those who have no surnames, are slaves in generations.
The reason why women are mostly identified by surname is that their most important feature in pre Qin Dynasty is marriage, and the surname plays a key role in marriage, which will be discussed later.
Why do people have surnames in the pre Qin Dynasty?
First of all, the pre Qin society came from the clan society, and it also retained a large number of clan social characteristics. Until the Western Zhou Dynasty, the so-called "civilians" had a high political status. They were "national", and they had political status similar to ancient Greek city state citizens, and had the duty of military service (relatively speaking, living in a far away area from the city state, only the tax payer did not accept military service was "wild man"). The so-called "master Wei Yuan" (Book of Songs - Daya - board) refers to that these people are the military cornerstone of the country. Some people also think that this is the military barrier of Zhou Tianzi when "most of them were not in cities". At that time, it was a clan society. Zhou Tianzi, the princes, Qing, the doctor and the civilians had a complete clan system. The civilians all lived in the clan, especially the production and life under the well field system. It was impossible to know their surname.
Second, surnames were all of a specific purpose at the time. For example, surname plays a key role in marriage. In the pre Qin Dynasty, it is emphasized that "the same surname is not married", and the same surname cannot be married, which is obviously for the sake of giving birth to good birth and good education. So there are only "good Qin Jin", "Qi daughter does not worry about marriage" and other statements, because they are one of Ying surname, the other is Jiang surname, in one vote Ji family Prince naturally very eat open. The common people must abide by this rule. Even if they want to accept women slaves, prostitutes and other people who have forgotten their surname as concubines (after all, many people don't even know who their father is), they also need to find out the name of witches to divine what surname is
The family is also the same. The main source of the family is the land, but it is not only the aristocrat and his descendants, but also the relatives of his distant family or his own. Qing was more a family in the pre Qin era. At that time, the role of personal struggle was extremely limited. It was said that whoever "assisted" was a family who came together. The "empty body" of thymi and other "empty" was all in the middle and late spring and Autumn period. Before the spring and Autumn period, the official duties were generally hereditary. Even the king Zhou Li was regarded as a Qing Dynasty official with a smaller monarch. It was also derived from the poem "book of Songs - daya-ban", which was "Big Bang Wei Ping, large number of Wigan". The great clan was the cornerstone of the rule. As for jiangtaigong and other people, don't think he came to be a "military master". Lu Wang followed King Wu of Zhou with his own people. After being sealed to the state of Qi, the LV family Dingbang May 4th, who had previously destroyed Lai Yi on the territory of Qi State, and gave birth to his own land. This is not a relying on Jiang Taigong's practice
In such cases, the same clan of the army of the Emperor Zhou and the princes would be usually compiled together. The military commander was the patriarch of that family. He would inherit to the official office. In the pre Qin Dynasty, the civil and military were not divided. The Qing officials usually took the hereditary official duties (the rank of the officials was the same, but not necessarily the same position). When they were enlisted, they attached themselves to the family and the feudal land with them The other clans of the family fought with each other, which was similar to that of the aristocrats of the feudal European era who followed the king with their vassal. But at that time, because of being in feudal era, everything could happen between the two Qing families. It was very bad to be compiled into the army led by the hostile leader of Qing family. This kind of compilation also laid a solid foundation for the division of some countries. For example, the Jin state finally became the scene of each Qing family sending soldiers together to join the war. It is quite reasonable to fight civil war.
To destroy a family is also a huge project. The archetype of "orphan of Zhao" is hard to go to the palace. Zhao was attacked by all Qing families in Jin except Han family. However, it only killed Zhao's aristocratic clan. Other branches, such as Handan family, were not affected. Zhao's civilians were also quite large, and the support of Qin State Office was more distant Finally, Jin Jinggong still left Zhao Wu to inherit Zhao. Although Zhao's family was killed, Zhao's foundation was still in the process of Zhao Wu's life, and Zhao's family was restored to the first-class Qing family.
Finally, many "surnames" were destroyed because of the name of the state. The aristocrats of the public house appeared after they became civilians. Because when the princes existed, they had no need to call their surnames unless they were separated from other branches. For example, after the state of Xiang was destroyed by the state of Lu or qi, the government of the state of Xiang was exiled from the folk to take Xiang as its surname.
And the combination of surnames is far more complicated than the general saying. Until the Western Han Dynasty, the ancients had a clear distinction between their surnames, such as the Tian family of Gongshi and Yao in the state of Qi. However, when he arrived in Qin and Han Dynasties, Tian had many sources, because many of them took the official posts as their surnames and simplified the surnames of two characters as Tian. When the state of Qi came to Qin, some of the branches of the public office were changed to Wang's, and some of them were still called Tian Shi. However, the last emperor Tian Jian after the short restoration of Qi State in the late Qin Dynasty also changed to Wang. Wang Mang is the most famous successor of Wang Mang. When Wang Mang arrives, he can still clearly distinguish the same surname of Tian surname, and seal some of them as Hou. Even some clan records of the origin of the family have been passed down for a long time, and they will not be confused at all. For example, Zhou and Ji often have interchanges, especially when officials were in charge of the "general general army" in the Southern Dynasty, because of the patriarchal name Hou Zhou, in front of the warlords who killed officials such as leeks, they had no choice but to change their surname to Ji. Of course, there are also surnames of Ji who changed Zhou surnames. In the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was to avoid Li Longji's "Ji". All the officials of Ji surname changed their surname Zhou. However, some of them had been changed from Zhou surname in Wu Zhou
In fact, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as the unity or combination of surnames. All the systems we use now are the mode of "surname" + name, but the former surname was later called "surname". That is why Ji, Jiang, Si, Ying, Wei, GUI, Yao and Piyin are the eight ancient surnames, which are spread to modern times only Jiang and Yao. MI, Feng and MI, Feng are the most popular surnames in modern times The surnames of the princes outside the Chinese group were even more rare. Once the princes were destroyed and the public chambers became civilians, it was a normal way to open the public chambers by the name of their hometown. For example, after Zhou was destroyed by Qin, Zhou's public chambers were called Zhou Shi. The most of the ancient surnames reserved for modern ones are changed or commemorated by surnames. For example, Jiang surname is Tian Shi after the Qi Dynasty, and one part of the public office of Jiang Qi is called Qi family, the other is called Jiang family, which is not directly "Jiang surname". Yao family was named by Yao state, and the other was that Tian was named by Wang Mang among the descendants of Tianqi. However, Wang Mang was unable to do so quickly. He took his family to the south of the Yangtze River. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he changed Tian family back to Yao family in order to avoid disaster.
